The Freedom Of Information Act - 743 Words

proceedings remains subject to the will of that government which controls the data or the site. Since 1965, at the federal level, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has been the vital basis for access claims, many of which have been litigated with varying results. Among the nine statutory exemptions to a citizen’s right of access under FOIA, those most likely to precipitate privacy tensions are Exemptions 6 and 7c. The first of these relates to information such as personnel and medical files, the disclosure of which would â€Å"constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.† Exemption 7c excludes records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, â€Å"but only to the extent that the production of such [materials] †¦ could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.† In the major decision construing and applying Exemption 7c, United States Department of Justice v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749 (1989), the Supreme Court noted the need, under the statute, to balance the interests of openness and accountability against the statutory recognition of individual privacy. The justices unanimously rejected claims of access to a suspect’s rap sheet, noting the vital distinction (in FOIA) between the statute’s â€Å"purpose to ensure that the Government’s activities be opened to the sharp eye of public scrutiny† and the contrasting claim that â€Å"information about private citizens that happens to be in theShow MoreRelatedFreedom Of Information Act1360 Words   |  6 Pagesagency carry out provisions of legislation, while leaving the public uninformed. The New York Times and ProPublica identified 71 appointees through information given by the Freedom of Information Act. 28 of which have potential c onflicts through businesses and lobbying. The Freedom of Information Act gives any person access to records or information through federal agencies. The New York Times article states President Trump has appointed lawyers, employees of industry funded organizations, and otherRead MoreFreedom Of Information Act Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pagesprivacy within the last year was a nuanced legal decision that has the potential to impact a rarely discussed expectation of privacy for federal employees while impacting transparency for U.S. government agencies. Enacted on July 4, 1966, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) provides any person with the right, enforceable in court, to obtain access to federal agency records, except to the extent that such records are protected from public disclosure by one of nine exemptions, or one of three special lawRead MoreThe Freedom Of Information Act Case Report1346 Words   |  6 Pagesthe complaint.  All information given by you  and the employee will become the  FOIA FILE.The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) is a law that allows any member of the public to request copies of federal government records, including EEOC records. 5 U.S.C.  § 552. EEOC makes many records publicly available on the EEOCs main website, such as informal discussion letters and guidance documents. If mediation fails you must and request the FOIA immediately. Because it has information that the employer submittedRead MoreThe Importance Of The Freedom Of Information Act And Similar Legislation3081 Words   |  13 Pag esFOIA and Individual Privacy Kevin Spann PSC 521 The importance of the Freedom of Information Act and similar legislation is difficult to undersell. By signing the act into law in 1966, and revising the Administrative Procedure Act the United States led the way in asserting that a well informed electorate is a necessary component of a successful democracy. America reached this conclusion before similar representative democracies such as Canada who did not pass similar legislation untilRead More The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 20006383 Words   |  26 PagesThe Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000 Introduction ============ For my module computing I have to find research and produce detailed report on freedom of information and the need for security. The information commissioner’s office enforces and oversees the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000. I need to read and understand knowledge respecting private lives of individuals and encourage the openness and accountability of public authoritiesRead MoreEssay Freedom of information indonesia1492 Words   |  6 PagesLEGAL PROPOSITION ON THE PUBLIC FREEDOM OF INFORMATION OF INDONESIA By: Adistra Kusuma Waligalit, Faculty of Law of Gadjah Mada University This study identified several Legal defects regarding the Act on Public Freedom of Information of Indonesia. These legal defects will be explained along with the reccomendations of remedy as below. INTRODUCTION After experiencing a difficult time in New Order era (1966-1998), when the civil rights to freely obtain information had been abused by the governmentRead MoreProfessional Issues in Computing1126 Words   |  5 PagesNational and Global legislation involved in computing and information systems development. Computers and their uses have become pervasive in todays society with new uses occurring on almost a daily basis. In general this use is beneficial; however, as with all technology, computers may be put to the wrong use. In order to safeguard computer users in the UK there are different types of legislation covering the many uses or misuses of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Following is theRead More Internet and Personal Privacy Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagesside of the argument prevail. The Freedom of Information Act which was established in 1966 states that all people shall have access to federal records. This allows the public to be kept abreast of the workings in the government. Any person may request a document, which the government must present, however, the government can not synthesize a document. It is even possible to order these records on the World Wide Web. The father of the Freedom of Information Act, John E. Moss, believed that citizensRead MoreThe Freedom Of Privacy Act1078 Words   |  5 Pagesprivacy. IV. Thesis Statement: The Freedom of Privacy Act is design to counter and replace the unconstitutional Patriot Act, and return privacy back to our nation. V. Preview briefing: The increase of government intrusion has been on the rise since the Patriot Act was turned into law which have infringed on our constitutional rights, and that the Freedom of Privacy Act if on voted by congress will give us back those rights. We will also be taking any question about the act if there are any. Transition:Read MoreThe State Of Librariancy : Article Analysis1355 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way we perceive news and information. Fake news is a danger to our democracy and if we, as library professionals, are going to fight it, we have to face it. That being my theory, this would make a good source for my research. Childs, L. (2017). To Uphold and Resist: Protecting Intellectual Freedom through Progressive Librarianship. Serials Librarian, 73(1), 58-67. Laura Childs’ scholarly article on using progressive librarianship to protect intellectual freedom does not take a neutral position

Benefits Of A Student Loan Debt - 991 Words

When a student finally graduates from college there is this excitement that comes to you. You finally graduated and now can apply the things you have learned in the job or career you plan on. Unfortunately, it’s not that simple, many graduating student finds themselves in hug student loan debt. The numbers are staggering: more than $1.2 trillion in outstanding student loan debt, 40 million borrowers, an average balance of $29,000. Men and women laboring under student debt are postponing marriage, childbearing and home purchases, and... pretty evidently limiting the percentage of young people who start a business or try to do something entrepreneurial,. (Daniels) There are many factors that contribute to student loan debt some of which are, increase in tuition, out of state fees and private colleges. In fact, the cost of education always rises faster than inflation. The cost of operating a college is getting higher and at the same time, governments are contributing less money. State support for public colleges and universities has fallen by about 26 percent per full-time student in the last 20 years. (Luzer) For the 2011-12 academic year, average tuition and fees range from $2,963 per year at public two-year colleges and $6,604 at public bachelor’s colleges, to $35,195 at private doctoral universities. In 2015-16 the cost of a four-year private school was $32,405, and $43,921 if you add on fee, room and board. (Tuition and Fee) The cost of tuition will inevitably raise dueShow MoreRelatedStudent Loan Debt On College Students887 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Loan Debt on College Students Student loans are becoming more and more of a problem for college students all across the United States. As college tuition has significantly increased over the past years, it has become extremely common for most college students to finance their education through student loans. Tuition has become so expensive that it is almost unheard of for a student to pay for their tuition out of pocket or by working for their education part time. As the result ofRead MoreCSR Program Proposal for Columbia Bank1238 Words   |  5 PagesColumbia Bank with a focus on student loan debt in our community. This CSR program could be implemented in addition to the community and customer events currently arranged on the branch level. Columbia Bank, and the local communities we serve, would greatly benefit from offering a CSR program that focuses on educating high school students, college students, parents and any potential borrower on the long-term implications of excessive student loan debt. Student Loan Debt and Our Community The firstRead MoreEducation Is Crucial If One Were To Be Successful In Life.1309 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggling to pay their student loans. Students who try to further their education have had this issue for ongoing years. Not only does a student try to acquire as much knowledge as one can, but it is not a guarantee that once a student graduates from college, that he or she will have an occupation. This all factors into how it has become strenuous for students to pay their student loans when tuition fees are excessive instead of being affordable for each student. Therefore, student loans should be forgivenRead MoreStudent Loan Debt And Its Effect On Our Economy1431 Words   |  6 Pagesyears student loans has increasingly began to affect our economy and is a large and growing issue. Mounting student loan debt is ricocheting through the United States, now affecting institutions and economic patterns that have been at the core of America s very might (Holland 2015). General economic principles are affected by the constantly growing student loan debt in the economy. Macroeconomic indices are identified and defined with their roles in student debt growth and affect in students’ livesRead MoreStudent Debt Crisis And Its Effects On The Economy1586 Words   |  7 Pagesstudent debt crisis has reached an all time high with debt reaching a total of 1.3 trillion dollars across the United States.With tuition cost increasing,lack of scholarships and unpaid back loans,student debt will continue to increase even higher.The enormous amount of debt put upon each student creates the inability of those students to help the economy grow.Our economy as we know it is a loop and decreasing the student debt significantly will help the economy grow.Instead of putting that moneyRead MoreIs College Education A Tax Policy Program? Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagesaftermath are not that bright. Because almost all students can’t afford to attend college, the consumption of student loans comes back to haunt them in the end. Since the government is not doing anything to fix this problem to help relieve people of student loan debt, every employment companies should establish a tax policy program for their employees to reduce their debt. Every year, the consumption of student loans keeps on increasing. Students are put into helpless positions to afford a collegeRead MoreStudents Should Start Planning For College At The Beginning Of High School1443 Words   |  6 Pagesresult of, the amount the government puts in (Student Loan Quotes, 2015). The average student leaves college with an average of $35,000 of debt. With this debt, students have to put off major life decisions such as starting a family or buying a house, for the reason that their debt has accumulated from their college years (Protective). Parent’s advocacy and smart money planning in earlier years, students could overcome the amount of college debt. Students should start planning for college at the beginningRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Is Not Worth Going Into1335 Words   |  6 Pagesdecade student loan debt has risen substantially and is now one of the largest form of personal debt in America, totaling about one trillion dollars, with 71 percent of students who earn a bachelors degree graduating with debt, with the average amount of debt being $29,400. This topic has become a very important issue, with some people saying that student loans could be the next bubble and could do what the real estate bubble did to the U.S economy in 2007 and 2009. If student loans are becomingRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School Seniors944 Words   |  4 Pagesmay be scarce, many people resort to the only choice they have left and take out student loans. Which in essence is what is crippling our economy. According to the Wall Street Journal an astonishing 34% of college graduates move back in with their parents. As the years have gone on, the cost of tuition has also gone up, and for the first time in history the debt accumulated from higher education has surpassed the debt from credit cards. Some schools across the country have raised the cost of tuitionRead MoreA lifetime of student debt889 Words   |  4 PagesA Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely. Robin Wilson had quite a compelling article, showing the potential contrast with the debt vs. the quality of life and stability a degree can provide. Wilson overall points show that the American dream we are all striving for has changed. She is able to demonstrate this through the use of several anecdotes. Wilson interviews with various professionals to see how they use these degrees to better themselves. In doing so she highlights various pros and cons

Eating Disorders The Media s Ideal Body Image - 1861 Words

Paulina Perez Ms. Tidwell ENG-1A-L51 11 May 2017 Eating Disorders People are often exposed to the media s ideal body image, whether it s through magazines, television, toys (e.g. Barbie dolls), or social media, it is almost impossible to avoid it. There are numerous of people who desire to look the way the world defines beauty. And although this may not seem like so much of a bad thing, this can lead to hardships for many people. This type of influence has caused countless individuals to endure an eating disorder in order to get the body they wish to have. Eating disorders are a worldwide problem that are very dangerous due to having many types of disorders and symptoms that occur, the effects that take place in a patient s mental†¦show more content†¦The most common eating disorders among many patients are Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), and Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Anorexia Nervosa is an emotional disorder that causes its victims to have an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. It is known to be the third most common eating disorder among adolescents. Many who suffer from the disorder have a strong fear of gaining weight and they re very determined to prevent any weight gain. AN patients are also incapable of recognizing the severity of their condition. In the article entitled, A Factor Analysis of the Meanings of Anorexia Nervosa: Intrapsychic, Relational, and Avoidant Dimensions and Their Clinical Correlates, Enrica Marzola explains, AN sufferers often refuse treatments, show poor compliance with therapy leading to high dropout rates, relapse, and high mortality (Marzola 2). Marzola examines how many patients become very attached to their illness and do not wish to be recovered from it. In addition, Not only do many AN patients believe that the disorder has help them gain their ideal body image, but they ve also described their starvation as a way to escape from any negative emotions, strengthen their identity, and reveals their distress. Enrica Marzola also addresses, These instruments confirmed that AN sufferers experience aShow MoreRelatedHow Media Influence Has Increased Dramatically Over The Past Three Decades1069 Words   |  5 PagesBeautiful Inside and Out â€Å"Healthy body image is not something that you re going to learn from fashion magazines,† (Shapiro) said Erin Heatherton, a Victoria Secret’s model since 2008. Media influence has increased considerably over the past three decades, whether it’s been through television, social media, or tabloids. The number of televisions has also increased in America since the 1950’s and most American have access to a television. Consequently, the images and attitudes are portrayed to theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagestoday that media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays effects our own body image. It has been documented in adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focused on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that media has had onRead MoreThe Media And Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagesknow that the media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays affects our own body image. Research documented adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focused on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that the media has had on ourRead MoreInfluence of American Mass Media Ideals on Body Image and Eating Disorders in the U.S1243 Words   |  5 PagesMass media have an enormous impact on society and how people act, especially in developed countries. How do mass media influence views of body image and the development of eating disorders? People living in countries influenced by Western culture show concern for their appearance or dietary habits daily. This paper will analyze the effect of mass media on the issues of body image and eating disorders in the United States. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TRRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s The Outer Shell Of Innocence 1427 Words   |  6 Pagesmirror the perfect body images surrounding us in today’s media. Body image dominates media everywhere you look, every time you turn your head we are pestered with beautiful women and perfect figures. The overwhelming urge for women to have a body just like the perfect models and idols we see plastered in media has spilled over into our children. Despite the outer shell of innocence, the psychological and sociological effects of Disney figures misrepresent the ideal body image as distorted to perfectionRead MoreMedia s Effect On Teenage Girls1196 Words   |  5 PagesGrowing up surrounded by media brings pressure to teenage girls to have what society defines as the ideal body. As a teenager one wants to fit in with the most popular group. Recent movies like â€Å"Mean girls† and â€Å"16 wishes† have s hown the role of the popular girl to be thin, beautiful, and smart. As a media consumer, females assume that if they achieve this look they will become popular as well. Many teenagers go through stressing situations in order to accomplish the ideal body image. For instance, manyRead MoreEffects Of Social Media Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagestypes of effects social media has on society, especially adolescent girls as that age group is mainly targeted. The role of media has changed drastically from when it first started to now. It was first created for the main purpose of communicating information. Although that is still true to this day, there are also other purposes for the media now. Media presents information through books, posters, the web and etc. One of the most popular forms of media today is social media. That includes FacebookRead MoreSocial Media Has a Negative Effect on Body Image and Self Esteem1202 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media has become one of the most popular sources of communication for the upcoming generation. For young people growing up in today’s society, social media outlets such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter have provided pictures and news that have become the first thing that their eyes see in the morning and the last thing that they see before bed. These pictures have provided unrealistic standards as to what is considered beautiful in today’s society. As young people refer to these images as aRead MoreLiterature Review : Body Image1173 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review: Body Image â€Å"Act 2: Extending Theory on Social Media and Body Concerns† shows the pattern and connection between social media and body image. People that are already affected by vulnerable factors, such as low self-esteem, depression, perfectionism and the thought that appearance is essential to self-worth, seek the gratifications that come from using social media. For example, if someone is feeling unattractive, but a picture they posted online is getting liked and commented onRead MoreWhy Do Teens Suffer From Eating Disorders1596 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 20, 2015 Why Do Teens Suffer from Eating Disorders: Annotated Bib It is no new discovery that teenagers in America tend to have a conflict with eating disorders. This problematic issue tend to affect many young teens just as the people that surround them, those who care for them. People might stop to think why teens struggle so much with eating disorders or how can this issue be wiped out. The thing is people need to be well aware of eating disorders and there definition and try to find a

A Research Proposal On Organic Vegetable Industry

The organic vegetable industry is expanding, with more demand for natural fruits and vegetables and increasing awareness of potential issues with conventionally grown vegetables. Organic vegetables are grown without the use of pesticides or chemicals. The industry has seen an upswing in demand in recent years and reaching a more mainstream market, although the supply of organic vegetables have not expanded into supermarkets and are mostly still sold through particular outlets, which makes availability limited. This research proposal aims to investigate the obstacles and challenges that the organic vegetable industry is currently facing, in terms of being sold in outlets such as larger supermarkets, namely Woolworths. The purpose of this report is to examine the underlying causes of the issues and provide information on the potential factors that will influence the decisions. The report will consist of a brief background of the problem and problems definition, in order to attain a cle ar overview of the issues faced. The purpose of this research proposal is to provide a research model for identifying and evaluating the potential increase of organic vegetables in larger supermarkets. This research proposal has been divided into the following sections: †¢ Background to research problem. It shows the significance and underlying issues that the research will be based on. †¢ Problems definition. It outlines the identified management problem, the research problem and the researchShow MoreRelatedA Study Proposal On Waste Products1140 Words   |  5 PagesStudy Proposal Title Waste products like plastic bottles, beer bottles and food waste being turned into wearable commodities and introducing new technologies in Indian markets for crafting innovative silhouettes for further environmental accountability. ABSTRACT Currently, we are witnessing the birth of a new business paradigm. A paradigm fuelled by technology that is forcing the balance of power in innovation to shift from the few and big towards the many true drivers of change. Due to high usageRead MoreDayless Ford Farm1415 Words   |  6 PagesDaylessford Organic Farm Name: Nikita Patel Course: Marketing Management DSI # 01433731 Email:niks_pat87@yahoo.com Assignment: Week # 3 Create The Value. Professor: Dena Hale 1.Brief Description of the Daylesford Organic Farm Concept Daylesford Organic Farm have been serving since 30 years. It has won over 60 national and international awards. Their passion is to serve Real food straight from farm to the fork. All the vegetables come straight from garden market, bread from their bakeryRead MoreFood Waste1546 Words   |  7 Pagesof production, processing, retailing and consumption. Production losses are greatest for fresh fruits and vegetables. Throughout the production stage, food loss occurs when food in never harvested or when food is lost between harvest and sale. Selling ‘ugly’ fruits and vegetables in grocery stores can help reduce food waste and challenge cosmetic standards of produce in the food retail industry. Cosmetic imperfections are a significant cause of food loss both during and after harvest. Large quantitiesRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On The United States Essay1844 Words   |  8 Pagesunderweight by about 7 to 1. In its proposal, New York argued that sugar-sweetened beverage consumption causes obesity and diabetes and that government cannot afford to subsidize disease-promoting behaviors.† The New York City Mayor claimed that the proposal would have helped people by protecting them from preventable illnesses and that it had little or no cost to taxpayers. Not surprisingly, strong opposition towards the New York proposal came from the beverage industry since billions of dollars wouldRead MoreFormal Report For Feeding The Future2173 Words   |  9 PagesMemo To: Ms. Newsome From: Joselyn Velasquez Subject: Formal Report for Feeding the future Date: April 28, 2015 I have decided to do a proposal on informing society about the different aspects of agriculture. Through this program, I hope to help our community better understand where their food comes from and the process used to get food to their kitchen table. I also hope to help cut down the food waste and inspire them to feed the hungry. I decided on this subject because agriculture has aRead MoreVegetable Waste Disposal and Management in Cebu City Public Markets5099 Words   |  21 PagesVEGETABLE WASTE DISPOSAL AND MANAGEMENT IN CEBU CITY PUBLIC MARKETS A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the School of Business and Economics University of San Carlos Cebu City, Philippines In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course Business Research BA109N By BOCO, MELISSA ANNE DELA TORRE, NYMPHA ROSE OZARAGA, MA.REBECCA QUIJADA, MA.GABRIELLEN SAN PEDRO, MA.LOURDES January 21, 2013 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Rationale Organic vegetables and fruits are considered importantRead MoreBusiness Proposal: Earthly Delights3246 Words   |  13 Pages Business Proposal: Earthly Delights, Inc. Abstract The Boston area is a center of the arts and fashion. Many come to Boston to sample its unique flavor and culture. Boston has many different types of restaurant atmospheres and venue concepts. The Boston area draws business from the local community and from the tourist industry. This project proposal outlines plans to conduct market research on the feasibility of opening a new restaurant concept based on the organic and natural foods industryRead MoreThe Genetic Modification Of Food1654 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to eating GMOs, vegans take the choice to steer away from any such some problems that can occur. When they are buy fruits and vegetables, they make sure to consume them from sources such as â€Å"Europe, Australia and New Zealand† where GMO foods are limited not so much from the States â€Å"unless it is organic and certified by the USDA†. (EttINGER, 2012) By choosing organic certified food, vegans â€Å"put their faith is in those certification bodies†. Opposed the vegans’ idea. In the future, GMOs couldRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe American family has come a long way from the what we use to know as the T.V. dinner of the 1950s prepared in the stove comprised of portions of meat, vegetables and dessert in the divided foil tray. Multinational and national corporations must think of innovative concept to drive current and new customers to its particular microwavable frozen meals products. The microwavable frozen meals e.g. Healthy Choice, Lean Cuisine, Michelina s, etc. are occasionally healthier and/ or at times a betterRead MoreConsumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods4927 Words   |  20 PagesResearch Proposal Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods in Peninsula Malaysia Abstract The aim of this study is to find out the three (3) significant variables forming the positive attitude towards the buying the organic food in Peninsula Malaysia, which eventually lead to the ultimate intention in buying the organically-produced food. The different variables are focused on demographic characteristics on household income, product attributes and lastly the

History of Treatment of Indigenous Australians †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the History of Treatment of Indigenous Australians. Answer: Introduction: This report presents a reflective evaluation on the treatment of Indigenous Australians and how this should impact the ethical practice of engineering. Indigenous Australians comprise of two groups: Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal. These groups existed in Australia and neighboring islands before European colonization. They largely depended on land and water. When the Europeans colonized Australia, they did not create any formal treaties to recognize the rights of Indigenous Australians. These people have been treated differently over the last century. In early 1900s, it was largely believed that Indigenous Australians were going to die out. In 1991, their population was about 351,000 people, and it increased to about 669,000 people in 2011. Currently, it is estimated that Indigenous Australians account for approximately 3% of Australias total population (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009; Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). In 1901, Indigenous Australians were denied the 1901 Commonwealth Constitution rights. They were excluded from the census and lawmaking powers. A year later, their rights to vote in Commonwealth elections were disenfranchised. After some time, they were excluded from receiving pensions, joining the armed forces, receiving maternity allowance, and working in the Post Office. Aborigines Protection Board and the Chief Prosecutor were also given the powers to apprentice and remove Indigenous children from settlements and even separate them from their parents forcefully (New South Wales Government, 2010). In 1940, the Aborigines Protection Board was replaced with Aborigines Welfare Board, which was forced to raise the status of Indigenous Australians, grant them their rights and give them equal opportunities just like ordinary citizens. However, this did not happen and the segregation and oppression of the Indigenous Australians continued. In 1944, the right of Indigenous Australians to r eceive sickness and maternity allowances was restored and five years later, their right to participate in federal elections was restored. During these early years of 1900s, most Indigenous Australians did not have hope in life. Majority of those who were sent to jail committed suicide because they knew that justice could not be served. Some of them died due to poor health because they could not access good healthcare services. During those days, Indigenous Australians were mainly classified and treated as fauna (Walker, 2013). From 1950 onwards, several policies were legislated to give Indigenous Australians same rights as other white Australians. For instance, these people got the right to buy, sell and drink alcohol, their allowances and social benefits were restored, their right to vote in Commonwealth elections was reinstated, several discriminatory practices against them were removed, those working in government settlements started getting equal pay, they were allowed to express their Aboriginality, Indigenous students were allowed to join any school, and they got the right to own land. In 1967, a referendum for equal rights was held and 90% of those who voted supported it (Personally-selected-aboriginal-art.com, 2010). However, Indigenous Australians still did not get the vote from this referendum. In early 2000s, Indigenous Australians got the right to be included in the census and vote (Australian Museum, 2017). Over the past few decades, there have been several policies established and measures taken to give Indigenous Australians equal rights and freedom, and help them re-establish themselves. Australian people have been asked to provide necessary resources and assist Indigenous Australians decide their future (Dick, 2016). The Australian government spends about $3.5 billion every year to fix the perceived failure of Indigenous Australians (Convict Reactions, (n.d.)). However, many Indigenous Australians are still living and dying in custody, afflicted with domestic violence, drug abuse, alcohol and suicide. Their children mostly learn within the community. So the process of healing against the racism, discrimination and oppression that Indigenous Australians underwent is still ongoing although it is a complex process. But most Indigenous Australians are still affected with illiteracy, imprisonment, alcoholism, crime victimization, family breakdown, health disadvantage, domestic violence, unemployment, and sub-standard housing. These people are campaigning for their self-determination and protection of their culture and heritage, but lack of sufficient educational opportunity has been a major challenge to amplifying these efforts. Nevertheless, there are now many programs in place aimed at helping Indigenous Australians and cases of racism against them have largely reduced. It is also worth noting that most Indigenous Australians are still victims of the past and therefore they should not be forced to forget the past and live like other Australians (Malkin, 2009). The government should also ensure that the measures they take to reconcile and improve the lives of Indigenous Australians are not discriminatory in nature. Otherwise it is just a matter of time for the Indigenous Australians to live an equal life just like any other Australian. There are several ways in which the history of Indigenous Australians should impact the ethical practice of engineering. First and foremost, engineers should always demonstrate integrity by being honest and respecting other peoples dignity. They should act objectively and without any bias on the basis of race, origin, social class, educational level or gender. Second, engineers should always educate the general public about the impacts of the projects planned for implementation and involve the local community in every stage of these projects. Third, engineers should consider other peoples opinions when developing social problems and make them understand why they are making certain decisions. Fourth, engineers should help people to understand that as time goes by, it is important to forego traditional beliefs and practices so as to allow development and implementation of modern engineering solutions to current societal problems. Fifth, engineers should always exercise leadership by br inging conflicting groups together and helping them understand each other. Last but not least, engineers should always be committed to serve the society and improve the welfare of people. In general, the history of Indigenous Australians can impact the ethical engineering practice by helping engineers to educate governments and the general public about their rights and responsibilities, how to make moral decisions and live a good life, live and work together, and how to find solutions in difficult times. As an engineer, the history of Indigenous Australians and its impacts on ethical practice of engineering would influence communication with Aboriginal communities and representatives in different ways. First, I would give them a listening ear so as to hear their views, what they support and oppose, and what they want to happen from an engineering perspective. It is worth noting that these people have limited exposure to modern engineering developments and they are also conservative. Second, I would help them understand the evolution of engineering and its impacts on the society. This would help them understand and appreciate the potentials of engineering. Third, I would help them understand how engineering can improve their lives by giving them real life examples on what has happened in other parts of Australia and the world. Fourth, I would ensure that I involve them fully in each decision made on projects scheduled for implementation within their community. Last but not least, I wo uld ensure that I use a language that is easy to understand even by people who do not have any knowledge in engineering. I would do this by using my professional skills in language and communication. References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Experimental Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 1991 to 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2017 from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.ns /0/946D4BC28DB92E1BCA25762A001CBF38?opendocument. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2017, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001. Australian Government. (2015). Australian Indigenous cultural heritage. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-indigenous-cultural-heritage. Australian Museum. (2017). Indigenous Australia Timeline 1970 to present. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from https://australianmuseum.net.au/indigenous-australia-timeline-1970-to-present. Convict Reactions. (n.d.). Treatment of Aborigines in Australia. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from https://www.convictcreations.com/citizenship/indigenoustreatment.html. Dick, T. (2016). The treatment of Aboriginal people is our great collective continuing shame. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/comment/the-treatment-of-aboriginal-people-is-our-great-collective-continuing-shame-20161028-gsd8iq.html. Malkin, B. (2009). UN criticizes Australias treatment of Aborigines as racist. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/6099785/UN-criticises-Australias-treatment-of-Aborigines-as-racist.html. New South Wales Government. (2010). Indigenous Australian Timeline. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from https://www.teachingheritage.nsw.edu.au/section03/timeindig.php. Personally-selected-aboriginal-art.com. (2010). A Short Aboriginal History. Retrieved May 8, 2017, from https://www.personally-selected-aboriginal-art.com/aboriginal-history.html. Walker, D. (2013). Were Indigenous (Aboriginal) Australians regulated by the Flora Fauna Act? Retrieved May 9, 2017, from https://clubtroppo.com.au/2013/06/03/were-indigenous-people-regulated-by-the-flora-fauna-act/.

Native Son3 Essay Example For Students

Native Son3 Essay A Critical Perspective: Richard Wrights Native SonRichard Wright marked the beginning of a new era in black fiction. He was one ofthe first American writers of his time to confront his readers with the effects of racism. Wright had a way of telling his reader about his own life through his writing. He is bestknown for his novel, Native Son, which is deeply rooted in his personal life and the timesin which he lived. This paper will discuss this outstanding American writer, his highlyacclaimed novel, Native Son, and how his life influenced his writing. Richard Nathaniel Wright, was born on September 4, 1908 in Roxie, Mississippi. His father was a sharecropper and his mother a schoolteacher. In search for betteremployment his father moved the family to Memphis, Tennessee. While in Memphis, hisfather worked as a night porter in a hotel and his mother worked as a cook for aCaucasian family. Shortly after their move to Memphis, Wright’s father deserted hisfamily. His mother then tried to find any work she could find to support her family. Then,at the age of seven his mother became ill and was unable to financially support her family. As a result, the family had to move to Jackson, Mississippi to live with relatives. Wrightremained in Jackson until 1925 (Walker, 13). In 1925, Wright left Jackson and headed as far as his money could take him, andthat was Memphis, Tennessee. Memphis was the exact same city in which his father hadtaken his family to find a better life and where he abandoned them. Wright’s first trip toMemphis ended in disappointment, desertion, and deprivation. While there Wright foundwork as a messenger for an optical company.He lived in Memphis for approximatelytwo years. During that time, he witnessed the deep and violent South which eventuallywould permanently scar him for life. Margaret Walker wrote:I am convinced that the best of Richard Wright’s fiction grew out of thefirst nineteen years of his life. All he ever wrote of great strength andterrifying beauty must be understood in this light. His subjects and themes,his folk references and history, his characters and places come from theSouth of his childhood and adolescence. His morbid interest inviolence-lynching, rape, and murder-goes back to the murky twilight of asouthern past. Out of this racial nightmare marked with racial suffering,poverty, religious fanaticism and sexual confusion emerge the five longstories in Uncle Tom’s Children. (Walker 43)The violent impression of Southern racism marked Wright’s personality and literature. Asa result, he would spend his entire life struggling to express the importance for men toreject the stereotypic notions of race, class, creed, or any other prejudice and to accepthuman value that honor the human spirit and release intelligence. It was Wright’s firstnineteen years in the South that opened up his most powerful and passionate writingIn 1927, at the age of nineteen Wright migrated to Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago,Wright found a job a as Post Office Clerk and at the same time he continued toself-educate himself by reading books, magazines, and newspapers. While in Chicago hebecame interested in Communism Issues. The interest came as a result of his concern withthe social root s of racial oppression. In 1932, Wright joined the Communist party. Hewas a party activist in Chicago and New York. Wright’s involvement with the Communistparty became the subject of most of his fiction writings. After he broke away from theparty his writings were centered around it. Wright’s years in Chicago are often consideredhis maturation years, which were years of growing maturity and preparing for anWright’s career as a writer basically began in the 1930’s. In 1930, he wrote hisfirst novel, Lawd Today. His novel, Lawd Today, however was not published until afterhis death. His first published work was, Uncle Tom’s Children: Five Long Stories, whichconsists of stories that attack the racial discrimination and bigotry that Wright encounteredas a youth. Throughout Wright’s career he published many outstanding works. Amonghis works included: five novels, two autobiographies, two books of short stories, fournonfiction books and one collecti on of essays. Wright’s major influence began when heRichard Wright’s most notable and highly acclaimed novel is Native Son.Richard Wright contemplated for a while before he decided to write a novel in which aNegro, Bigger Thomas, would become a symbolic figure of American life. The novel isdivided into sections entitled: fear, flight, and fate. Each section is used as a way to chartthe changes in the main character’s, Bigger Thomas, mind. Native Son, is the story of,Bigger Thomas, a poor young black man who had misinterpreted myths and stereotypesabout the racist society in which he lived and accidentally murders a wealthy whitewomen. At the novel’s end, Bigger must face the consequences of his actions, and isimprisoned and sentenced to death.Native Son is â€Å"considered both a psychologicalmelodrama and protest novel, that candidly exposes the pent-up hatred and bitterness ofthe oppressed black American.† (Stine 415). The first section of Native Son, is entitled Fear. In this portion of the book, we areintroduced to the main character, Bigger Thomas, who is a full-blown juvenile delinquent. Throughout the first section, he is ruled by images he is unable to control. Bigger is hiredby Mr. Dalton to be his live-in chauffeur. Bigger’s first task is to drive Mr. Dalton’sdaughter, Mary to a lecture at the university. On their way to the lecture, Mary tellsBigger that they are not going to the lecture and to go pick up Jan. Jan Erlone is Mary’scommunist lover. Throughout the night, Bigger is frightened by Mary’s and Jan’sinsistence to treat him as an equal. Bigger has this reaction because he isn’t used to beingtreated equally by someone of the opposite race. At the end of the night, Mary is drunk,and after driving her home he must carry her up to her room. When Mary’s mother, whois blind, enters Mary’s room, Bigger accidentally smothers Mary while trying to keep herfrom te lling her mother that he is in the room. Bigger tries to cover up Mary’s death byburning her body in a furnace. Bigger then creates a scheme to extort money from herparents by pretending to have kidnapped her. Bigger does that by trying to pen the blameon Jan, because he is a member of the Communist party (Wright). How to say no Summary EssayHe closed his eyes, longing for a sleep that would not come. During the last two days and nights he had live so fast and hard that it wasan effort to keep it all real in his mind. So close had danger and deathcome that he could not feel that it was he who had undergone it all. And,yet, out of all, over and above all that had happened, impalpable but real,there remained to him a queer sense of power. He had done this. He hadbrought all this about. In all of his life these two murders were the mostmeaningful things that had ever happened to him. He was living, truly anddeeply, no matter what others might think, looking at him with their blindeyes. Never had he had the chance to live out the consequences of hisactions; never had his will been so free as in this night and day of fear andHe had killed twice, but in a true sense it was not the first time hehad ever killed. He had killed many times before, but only during the lasttwo days had this impulse assume d the form of actual killing. Blind angerhad come often and he had either gone behind his curtain or wall, or hadquarreled and fought. And yet, whether in running away or in fighting, hehad felt the need of the clean satisfaction of facing this thing in all itfullness, of fighting it out in the wind and sunlight, in front of those whosehate for him was so unfathomably deep that, after they had shunted him offinto a corner of the city to rot and die, they could turn to him, as Mary hadthat night in the car, and say: â€Å"I’d like to know how your people live.†But what was he after? What did he want? What did he love andwhat did he hate? He did not know. There was something he knew andsomething he felt; something the world gave him and something he himselfhad; something spread out in front of him and something spread out inback; and never in all his life, with this black skin of his, had two worlds,though and feeling, will and mind, aspiration and satisfaction, beentoge ther; never had he felt a sense of wholeness(277-278). Throughout the years Richard Wright’s writings has effected and influenced manypeople all across the world. Richard Wright will continue to be known as the most highlyacclaimed writer of his time. Through his writings, Wright allows his readers to visualizewhat his life was like. Wright told the story of his life through his writing. His novel,Native Son, will remain on reading lists now and for years to come. I hope that this paperhas broaden your view on Richard Wright and his novel Native Son. Bibliography:WORKS CITEDButler, Robert. Native Son: The Emergence of a New Black Hero. Boston: TwaynePublishers, 1991. Joyce, Anne Joyce. â€Å"The Tragic Hero.† Modern Critical Interpretation. ed. HaroldBloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Metzger, Linda. â€Å"Richard Wright.† Black Writers: A Selection of Sketches fromContemporary Authors. New York: Gale Research, 1989. â€Å"Richard Wright.† African American Writers. ed. Valerie Smith. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1991. â€Å"Richard Wright.† Contemporary Literary Criticism. ed. Jean C. Stine. Michigan: GaleResearch Company, 1984. Walker, Margaret. Richard Wright: Daemonic Genuis. New York: Amistad Press, Inc.,1988. Wright, Richard. Native Son. New York: Harper Collins Publisher, 1993.