Mba Question Paper free essay sample

Distinguish between constructive destructive conflict, with examples. [15] Q6) Elaborate the importance historical background of OB. Q7) Write short notes on (Any 3). a) b) c) d) e) Decentralization. Job satisfaction. Principles of decision making. Classification of motives. Importance of leadership. [15] [15] ***** Total No. of Questions : 7] [Total No. of Pages : 1 P708 [3875] 13 M. B. A. (Sem. I) (Old) 103 : MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS (2005 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) 3) Attempt any 5 questions. All questions carry equal marks. Draw diagrams wherever necessary. Q1) Define ? Managerial Economics?. Explain it? s nature Scope. Q2) Why is Joint stock company form of Business organisation popular? Q3) Explain concept of ? Price Elasticity of Demand? with reference to types, methods and practical use. Q4) Explain ? Law of variable Proportions? with example. Q5) How price and output is determined in short run and long run under conditions of perfect competition? Q6) What is ? Cost Benefit Analysis Explain steps and justification for the use of cost benefit analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Mba Question Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Q7) Write short notes (any 2). a) b) c) d) Break Even Analysis. Difficulties encountered in National Income accounting. Exceptions to the Law of supply. Need for demand forecasting. ***** Total No. of Questions : 5] [Total No. of Pages : 4 P709 [3875] 14 M. B. A. (Sem. I) 104 : STATISTICAL AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS (2005 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Handwriting should be neat and clear. Question No. 1 is compulsory. Attempt any 3 questions from the remaining. Use of electronic calculator statistical tables are allowed. Graph paper will be supplied on request. Q1) Answer any 5. a) The following are the weights of 80 children residing in a society. Find median. 5 each] i) ii) By calculation. By graph. 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 4 6 10 5 7 3 9 6 Weights No. of Children b) An insurance company insured 1500 scooter drivers, 3500 car drivers and 5000 truck drivers. The probability of an accident is 0. 050, 0. 02 and 0. 10 respectively in case of scooter, car and truck drivers. One of the insured people meets an accident what is the probability that he is a car driver. Calculate coefficient of association between literacy and unemployment from the following data Total adults 10000 Total literates Total unemployed Literate unemployed 1290 1390 500 P. T. O. c) d) The rain fall distribution in monsoon season is as follows: Rain in an Frequency 0 50 1 25 2 15 3 5 4 3 5 2 Simulate the rainfall for 10 days using the following random variables. 67, 63, 39, 55, 29, 78, 70, 06, 78, 76 and find the average rainfall. e) f) g) Write a note of queuing theory and describe the characteristics of queuing model. Calculate R2. 13 and r23. 1 given r12 = 0. 6, r13 = 0. 7, r23 = 0. 65 Suggest the optimal assignment schedule for the following assignment problem: Salesman I A B C 80 75 78 Markets II 70 75 78 III 75 80 82 IV 72 85 78 What will be total maximum sale. Q2) a) The mean and S. D of 100 items are calculated as 60 and 7 respectively. Two items 35 and 47 were wrongly copied as 53 and 74 calculate correct mean and S. D [7] In an aptitude test administered to 1000 children the score is supposed to follow normal distribution with average score 45 and S. D 25. [8] i) ii) iii) Q3) a) Find the number of children exceeding the score 60. What is the score of the children so that 10% of the children exceed this score. What is the score of the children so that 16% of the children are below this score. b) Certain mass produced articles of which 0. % are defective , are packed in cartons each containing 160 articles. [7] i) What proportion of cartons is free from defective articles. ii) iii) What proportion contains 2 or more defectives. What proportion contains at the most 2 defectives. -2- [3875] 14 b) The advertisement cost and sales are given in the following table. Advt. Cost (Rs. ) 35 Sales (Rs. Lakh) 23 i) ii) 25 27 29 26 31 21 27 24 24 20 33 29 36 30 [8] Calculate correlation coefficient. Estimate sales when advertisement cost is Rs. 100. Q4) a) Determine the optimal strategies of both the players and value of the game. 6] B A I II III IV I 4 4 4 4 II 3 3 3 3 III 1 7 4 3 IV 3 -5 -1 -2 V 2 1 2 2 VI 2 2 2 2 b) The products of 3 plants X,Y,Z are to be transported to 4 warehouses I,II,III,IV. The cost of transportation of each unit from the plant to the warehouses along with normal capacities of plants and warehouses are [9] indicated below. Warehouses Plants X Y Z Requirement 25 15 16 300 17 10 20 300 25 18 08 500 14 24 13 500 300 500 500 I II III IV Availability Find the optimal solution. Q5) a) A firm produces 3 products A,B,C. It uses 2 raw materials I and II of which 5000 and 7500 units can be used for production of A,B and C. Product A requires 3 units of raw material I and 5 units of raw material II per units, corresponding requirements per units of B are 4 and 3 units of raw material I II resp. and C requires 5 units of raw material I and II each. The labour time to produce 1 unit of A is twice required to produce 1 unit of B and is 3 times required to produce 1 unit of C. The entire -3- [3875] 14 labour force of the firm can produce equivalent of 3000 units of product A. The minimum demand for 3 products is 600,650 and 500 units resp. Profits per unit of A , B and C are Rs. 50, Rs. 60 and Rs. 60. Formulate the LPP. 7] b) A small industry finds from past data that cost of making an item is Rs. 25. The S. P of an item is Rs. 30. If it is not sold within a week, it could be disposed off at Rs. 20. At the end of a week data for sales are given below. Weekly sales No, of weeks 4 10 5 20 6 40 7 30 Find optimum number of items per week the industry should purchase. [8] ***** [3875] 14 -4- Total No. of Ques tions : 7] [Total No. of Pages : 1 P710 [3875] 15 M. B. A. I 105 : LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS (2005 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) Solve any 5 questions. All questions carry equal marks. Q1) Define contract. Explain essential elements of contract. Q2) Explain legal provisions relating to free consent in detail. Q3) Explain in detail rights and liabilities of an agent. Q4) Define sale. Explain essentials of valid sale under sale of goods Act. Q5) Define Promissory note. Explain its characteristics in detail. Q6) Define consumer. Explain rights of consumers. Q7) Write short notes (Any 2). a) b) c) Electronic Governance. Digital signature. Cheque. ***** Total No. of Questions : 7] [Total No. of Pages : 1 P711 [3875] 16 M. B. A. (Sem. I) (106) : BASICS OF MARKETING (2005 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) All questions carry equal marks. Attempt any five questions. Q1) Explain the 4P? s concept and its significance to the marketing manager. Q2) Define Market segmentation and explain the bases of segmenting the 4 wheeler market. Q3) Explain with examples tools and techniques of Marketing Control. Q4) Discuss various promotional tools available to a national marketer of readymade furniture. Q5) Explain with suitable examples the concept of Product Life Cycle. Q6) Write a detailed note on core concepts of marketing. Q7) Write short notes on any two: a) b) c) Online Marketing. Positioning. Marketing Myopia. ***** Total No. of Questions : 7] [Total No. of Pages : 1 P712 [3875] 21 M. B. A. (Sem. II) 201 : MARKETING MANAGEMENT (2005 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) 3) All questions carry equal marks. Question 1 is Compulsory. Write any four questions amongst the remaining questions. Q1) Iova Industries intend to launch their new range of soft drinks in Indian Market. As a marketing manager, which steps you would like to take to launch this novel product? Make nesessory assumptions and justify your answer. Also elaborate your strategy on test marketing. Q2) Define the term Marketing Mix. Explain the significance of appropriate Marketing Mix in the present competitive environment. Q3) What is warehousing? What are its types? Explain its importance. Q4) Discuss the pricing strategies for a FMCG product in a highly competitive market. Q5) What is the significance of packaging and labeling in today? s market. Also explain about the new trends in packaging. Q6) Discuss the impact of advance technology and internet on promotion. Q7) Write short notes (Any two). a) b) c) d) E marketing. Branding decisions. Extended Ps of marketing. Decline stage in product life cycle. ***** Total No. of Questions : 7] [Total No. of Pages :2 P713 [3875] 22 M. B. A. (202) : FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (2005 Pattern) (Sem. II) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) Q. No. 1 is compulsory. 2) Attempt any four questions from the rest. 3) All questions carry equal marks. Q1) ? Capital Budgeting decisions are extremely difficult and crucial for any business unit.? Explain in detail. What are the tools available for appraisal? Q2) ? Working Capital Management is a tradeoff between Risk and Return.? Do you agree? Explain. Q3) Explain the concept of a Cash flow statement what is the significance of a cash flow statement? Q4) What are the major dividend policies. Q5) ABC Company has the following selected assets and liabilities: Rs. Cash 45,000/Retained Earnings 1,60,000/Equity share capital 1,50,000/Debtor? s 60,000/Inventory 1,11,000/Debentures 1,00,000/Provision for taxation 57,000/Expenses outstanding 21,000/Land and building 3,00,000/Goodwill 50,000/Furniture 25,000/39,000/Creditors You are required to determine (1) Gross working capital and (2) Net working capital. P. T. O. Q6) From the following information make out proprietors fund with as many details as possible:a) Current ratio 2. 5; b) Liquid ratio 1. 5; c) Proprietary ratio (Fixed assets/ proprietors funds) 0. 75 d) Working capital Rs. 60,000; e) Reserve and surplus Rs. 40,000 f) Bank overdraft Rs. 10,000 and g) There is no long term loan or fictitious asset. Q7) A proforma cost sheet of a company provides the following data: Costs (per unit) Raw material Direct labour Overheads Total cost (per unit) Profit Selling price Rs. 52. 0 19. 5 39. 0 110. 5 19. 5 130. 0 The following is the additional information available: Average raw material in stock: one month; average materials in process: half a month. Credit allowed by suppliers one month; credit allowed to debtors 2 months. Time lag in payment of wages 1 1 2 weeks; overheads one month. One fourth of sales are on cash basis. Cash balance is expected to be Rs. 1,20, 000. You are required to prepare a statement showing the working capital needed to finance a level of activity of 70,000 units of output. You may assume that production is carried on evenly throughout the year and wages and overheads accrue. **** [3875] 22 -2- Total No. of Questions : 7] [Total No. of Pages : 1 P714 [3875] 23 M. B. A. 203 : HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (2005 Pattern) (Sem. II) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal marks. Q1) Discuss the importance of HRM and differentiate between personnel management and HRM. Q2) a) b) Write about the different sources of recruitment. Explain the concept of manpower planning with its objectives. Q3) Discuss the concept of performance appraisal management system. Explain any one method of appraisal widely used in organization. Q4) Discuss how managerial effectiveness can be improved through time management TQM. Q5) Write a detailed note on the various separation schemes used by organizations. Q6) What is IR? How collective Bargaining helps in improving Industrial Relations. Q7) Write note on (Any two): a) b) c) d) Manpower Retention. Rating errors. Ethics of performance management. Suspension. ***** Total No. of Questions : 8] [Total No. of Pages : 2 P715 [3875] 24 M. B. A. (Sem. II) 204 : MANUFACTURING AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT (2005 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) Attempt any Five questions. All questions carry equal marks. Q1) Discuss the various phases in the evolution of manufacturing operation management? Q2) Why has manufacturing management assumed importance in todays organisations? Discuss. Q3) Enlist various methods of manufacturing? Give the characteristics and suitable examples of each method. Q4) Briefly explain the various factors to be taken in to consideration for location decision. What do you mean by facility layout? Q5) Compare and contrast production planning with production control. Give the scope and objectives of production planning control. Q6) Discuss the characteristics and applications of control charts? Give the stepwise procedure for drawing X and R chart. P. T. O. Q7) A project has been defined to contain following list of activities along with their required time for completion: Activity A B C D E F G H I a) b) c) d) Time in days ? A A A B C E,F D G,H Immediate Predecessor 1 4 3 7 6 2 7 9 4 Draw the network diagram. Show early start time and early finish time. Identify critical path . What would happen if duration of activity F is taken as four days instead of two? Q8) Write short notes on (Any two) of the following: a) b) c) d) e) Lean production. Method study. Maintenance management. Operation characteristics curve. Standard time. ***** [3875] 24 -2- Total No. of Questions : 8] [Total No. of Pages : 1 P716 [3875] 25 M. B. A. (Sem. II) 205 : MATERIALS AND LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT (2005 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) Attempt any Five questions. All questions carry equal marks. Q1) Bringout the interface of material function with other functions in a manufacturing organisations. Q2) What do you mean by selective inventory control? Give the procedure for doing ABC analysis? Q3) What is material Requirement planning? Discuss the role of Master Production schedule (MPS) in carring out MRP. Q4) a) b) Explore various elements of purchase cycle? Enlist the responsibilities of purchase Management department? Q5) Describe the concept and process of value analysis. Q6) What is codification? Discuss any one method of codification in details. Q7) Write a note on elements of supply chain management. Q8) Write a short note on (Any two) of the following: a) b) c) d) Central sale tax Act. Regression analysis. Principles of material handling. Logistics management. ***** Total No. of Questions : 7] [Total No. of Pages : 1 P717 [3875] 26 M. B. A. (Sem. II) (206): MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (2005 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) 3) Q. No. 1 Q. No. 7 are compulsory. Solve any four questions from remaining. Figures to the right indicate full marks. Q1) Draw the report layout for the following elaborate the use of these reports in the process of decision making. [15] a) b) c) Goods Received Note. Bill of Materials. Pay Sheet. [10] [10] [10] Q2) What is MIS? Explain different functions and characteristics of MIS. Q3) Explain Herbert Simon model of decision making. Q4) Explain System Development life cycle in detail. Q5) What is data mining? What are the advantages limitations of data mining. [10] Q6) Define Expert system. Compare Expert system with conventional systems. [10] Q7) Write short notes (Any 3): a) b) c) d) Intellectual Property Right. Group Decision support system. Network Topologies. Attributes of good Information. [3 ? 5 = 15] ***** Total No. of Questions : 7] [Total No. of Pages : 2 P1223 [3875] 302 M. B. A. (Sem. III) 302: MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM (2008 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) 3) Attempt any four questions from Q. No. 1 to Q. No. 6. Q. No. 7 is Compulsory. All questions carry equal marks. Q1) Control is the central function in any organisation. Do you agree with this statement? Comment in the light of role and utility of control function. [14] Q2) Explain the various types of responsibility centre in detail. [14] Q3) ? A sound Audit system strengthens management control? critically examine this statement in respect of cost Audit and management Audit. 14] Q4) What is the utility of balance score card? How does it work on a control device? [14] Q5) Why control systems are needed in profit organisation? How they help in improving managerial effectiveness? [14] Q6) Write a short note on (any three). a) b) c) d) Features of cybernetic paradigm. EVA. Du point Analysis. Zero Base Budgeting. P. T. O. [14] Q7) M/s Suparna fixes the inter divisional transfer prices of its product on the basis of cost plus an estimated return on Investment in its divisions. The relevant portion of the budget for Division ? X? for the year 2009 10 is given below. 14] Land building Plant machinery Stock Bills Receivable Debtors Annual fixed cost of the division Variable cost per unit Budgeted volume of production per year (units) 5,00,000 Desired retu rn of investment 27 % you are required to determine transfer price for the division. Rs. 3,00,000 Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 2,00,000 Rs. 1,00,000 Rs. 2,00,000 Rs. 8,00,000 Rs. 10 ***** [3875] 302 -2- Total No. of Questions : 6 + Case : 1] [Total No. of Pages: 3] P718 [3875] 31 M. B. A. 301: BUSINESS POLICY AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (2005 Pattern) (Sem III) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) Attempt any Four questions from question 1 to 6. each question carries 13 marks. Question No. 7 is compulsory. It carries 18 marks. Q1) Why is strategy evaluation and control important to organizations? Q2) What are the key aspects of E commerce business environment? How do they influence strategy formulation and implementation of E Commerce based business? Q3) What does corporate culture consist of? Discuss the impact of culture on corporate life with the help of examples. Q4) A small scale industrialist engaged in production of food processed items, recently attended a seminar on Business Policy and strategic management. The industrialist is quite enthusiastic but does not understand exactly how to use the SWOT analysis for his company to enable him to decide whether his company is fit to diversify into the field of agro based products. Act as a consultant and advise the company. State your assumptions clearly. Q5) State the essential characteristics of a mission statement. In what different ways can a mission statement be formulated? Q6) Write short notes on any two. a) b) c) Gap analysis and bench marking. Michel Porter? s Five Forces model of competion in industry. BCG Matrix. P. T. O. Q7) Solve the case (enclosed). Case study : Systematic analysis of the case and logical reasoning will have more weightage. U. S, Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A) U. S, Pharmaceuticals (USP) is a U. S. firm with about 30 percent of its sales outside the United States. USP concentrates on the ethical drug business but has diversified into animal health products, cosmetics and some patent medicines. These other lines account for about one fourth of USP? s $800 million sales. USP? s international business is conducted in some 70 countries, mostly through distributors in those markets. In six countries, however, it has manufacturing or compounding operations. Compounding refers to the local mixing, assembling, and packaging of critical ingredients shipped from the united states. ) USP? s only Latin American manufacturing/ compounding operations are in Latinia, a country with a population of about 30 million. Some products are shipped from Latinia to other Latin American, markets. USP? s latinian plant is operated by the pha rmaceutical division. It is engaged in the production and especially the compounding of USP? s ethical drug line. It does no work for other USP divisions (cosmetics, proprietary medicines and animal health). All the other divisions, which also sell in Latinia, exports their finished products from plants in the united States. The Latinian plants employs 330 people, of whom only two are North Americans the genral manager, Tom Hawley, and the director of quality control, Frixos Massialas. USP? s cosmetics and toiletries business accounts for $150 million in sales and is handled by a separate division Cosmetics and Toiletries. The division sells in only 38 of USP? s 70 foreign markets. One of the division? s better foreign markets is Latinia, where it has sales of over $8 million and an acceptable market position. Cosmetics and Toiletries has a marketing subsidiary in Latinia to handle its business there. Jim Richardson, an American, heads the subsidiary. The rest of staff are Latinias. Jim Richardson was very disturbed by the latest news received from the Latinian Ministry of International Trade. Traffic were being increased on many ? nonessential products? because of the balance of payments pressures the country had been undergoing for the past year and a half. For USP? s Cosmetics and Toiletries, specifically, this meant a rise in the tariffs it pays from 20% to 50% ad valorem. The 20% duty had posed no particular problem for Cosmetics [3875] 31 -2- and Toiletries because of the prestige of the imported product and the consumer franchise it had established, Richardson explained. He believed, however, that the 50% duty was probably an insurmountable barrier. Cosmetics and Toiletries competition in Latinia was about evenly divided between local firms and other international companies from Europe and North America. Jim believed that local firms, which had about 40% of market, stood to benefit greatly from the tariff increase unless the international firms could find a satisfactory response. When Jim received the news of the traffic increase, which was to be imposed the first of October one week away he called a meeting to consider what Cosmetics and Toiletries could do. Deborah Neale, manager, Cosmetics Marketing, and Emilio Illness, manager, Toiletries Marketing, met with Jim to discuss the situation. Several different courses of action were proposed at the hastily called meeting. Deborah suggested, ? we could continue importing, pay the high duty, and change the positioning strategy to appeal to high-price , quality market?. Another idea was to import the primary ingredients and assemble (compound) and package them in Latinia. (Duties on the imported ingredients ranged between 10% and 35% ad valorem) Emilio suggested asking Cosmetics and Toiletries in the United States for a lower price on the products shipped to Latinia so that the duty would have a lesser impact on the final price in the local market. Jim mentioned the alternative that none of them wanted to think about. ?If we can? t compete at those high prices, we may have to give up the market.? Questions. a) b) c) d) Evaluate the alternatives that were brought up at the meeting. Are there any other possible courses of action? Propose and defend a course of action. How would your response differ if, instead of a traffic increase, Latinia had imposed a quota cutting the imports of these products by 75%? ***** [3875] 31 -3- Total No. of Questions : 6] [Total No. of Pages : 2 P719 [3875] 32 M. B. A. (Sem. III) 302 : MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS (New) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) 3) Attempt any 3 questions from Q. 1 to Q. 5. Q. 6 is compulsory. Figures to the right indicate marks. Q1) Explain with diagram the cybernetic paradigm of the control process as proposed by D. W Griessinger. Explain the difference between factual premises and value premises and how the gap between them can be reduced by manager? s Behavioural Repertoire. [18] Q2) What is a budget? Explain the importance of Budgetory control as a management control tool. [18] Q3) Explain the principle and application of Activity based costing as a management control tool. How does it compare with conventional method of product costing? Give examples and diagram to illustrate your answer. [18] Q4) What is transfer pricing? Explain different methods of transfer pricing. [18] Q5) Write short notes on any Three. ) b) c) d) e) Responsibility centers. Management Audit. Balanced Score Card. Just in Time. ROI vs. EVA. P. T. O. [18] Q6) Ajax corporation has two divisions. The Mining Division makes toldine, which is then transferred to the Metals Division. The toldine is further processed by the Metals Division and is sold to customers at a price of $150 per unit. The Mining Division is currently req uired by Ajax to transfer its total yearly output of 400,000 units of toldine to the Metals Division at 110% of full manufacturing cost. Unlimited quantities of toldine can be purchased and sold on the outside market at $90 per unit. To sell the toldine it produces at $90 per unit on the outside market, the Mining Division would have to incur variable marketing and distribution costs of $5 per unit. Similarly, if the Metals Division purchased toldine from the outside market, it would have to incur variable purchasing costs of $3 per unit. The following table gives the manufacturing costs per unit in the Mining and Metals Divisions for the year 2006. Mining Metals Division Division Direct materials Direct manufacturing labor costs Manufacturing overhead costs Manufacturing costs per unit $12 16 32* $60 $6 20 25+ $51 Manufacturing overhead costs in the Mining Division are 25% fixed and 75% variable. + Manufacturing overhead costs in the Metals Division are 60% fixed and 40% variable. Required 1) Calculate the operating incomes for the Mining and Metals Divisions for the 400,000 units of toldine transferred under each of the following transfer pricing methods: a) 2) Market price, and. b) 110% of full manufacturing costs. Suppose Ajax rewards each division manager with a bonus, calculated as 1% of division operating income (if positive). What is the amount of bonus that will be paid to each division manager under each of the transferpricing methods in requirement 1? Which transfer pricing method will each division manager prefer to use? What arguments would Brian Jones, manager of the Mining Division, make to support the transfer pricing method that he prefers? [16] 3) [3875] 32 ***** -2- Total No. of Questions : 4] [Total No. of Pages : 2 P720 [3875] 33 M. B. A. 303 (A) MARKETING RESEARCH (2005 Pattern) (Sem III) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) 3) All questions are compulsory. Figures to the right indicate the marks for that questions. Use of electronic calculator is allowed. Q1) Marketing research is an integral part of any marketing organisation. Discuss. [15] Q2) Elaborate different scaling techniques used to collect data for marketing research. [15] OR A sample of 400 students of under graduate and 400 students of post graduate classes was taken to know their opinion about autonomous courses. The data is shown below. Class UG PG Total Number of Students Favouring Opposing 290 310 600 110 90 200 Total 400 400 800 Is there any association between classes and the opinion regarding autonomous courses. Given chi sq value at 5% level is 3. 84 for 1d. f ] Q3) Mr. Nirad a young enterprising businessman, is planning to open several coffee shops in your city. He wants to identify the locations for these shops. Further he is interested in understanding the consumer needs. He is planning to conduct market research. Design Marketing Research plan for Mr. Nirad to help him in his new venture. [20] P. T. O. Q4) Write short notes on (Any two): a) b) c) d) Errors in measurement. Qualities of a good questionnaire. Observation method for data collection. Web based surveys. [2 ? 10 = 20] ***** [3875] 33 -2- Total No. of Questions : 9] [Total No. of Pages : 4 P721 [3875] 34 M. B. A. (Sem. III) (303B): ADVANCED FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (2005 Pattern) [Max. Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours] Instructions to the candidates: 1) 2) 3) 4) Q. No. 1 is compulsory. Solve any two questions from Section I and any two questions from Section II. Figures to the right side indicate full marks. Use of non programmable calculator allowed. Q1) Discuss the role of Finance Function in an organization and how the role has changed in recent years? [10] SECTION I Q2) What are the importance and limitations of ratio analysis? [15] Q3) Why is it important to evaluate capital budgeting projects on the basis of incremental after tax cash flows? Why not use accounting data instead of cash flow? [15] Q4) Write short notes on (any three). a) b) c) d) e) Net present value. Types of dividend. Public deposits. Bonus shares. Credit rating. [15] P. T. O. [15] Q5) Write a note on legal and procedural aspects of dividend. SECTION II Q6) From the following statements of X Ltd. , you are required to calculate the following ratios: [15] a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Current ratio. Quick ratio. Operating ratio. Stock turnover. Fixed assets turnover. Debtors turnover.

Free Essays on Health Technology Is A Promise Unfinanced

The Health Care Industry is a billion dollar a year Industry, which affects every American. With the changing times and technological advances, there comes about change and adaptation. In order to be able to keep up with the current Industry practices and standards, the Health Care Industry has to step out of its place of comfort and complacency with the regular paper, pen and mediocre computer data entry and into the realm of the new and upcoming practices that the Bush administration are trying to implement. According to the article, â€Å"the Bush administration has been a proponent of modernizing that nation’s creaky health care system with information technology† (Lohr, 2004, para. 1). With all of these hopes, dreams and aspirations there’s a big downside, the money isn’t there, and the article says that money is â€Å"scarce†. These days it seems as if every spare dollar is going to fund the Iraqi war and is going towards the federal budge t deficit. Even with the budget cuts and the funding of the war, â€Å"the budget of the Department of Health and Human Services is more than 500 billion a year and most of it is pledged to federal obligations like Medicare, but the department does have more than $60 billion in discretionary funds† (Lohr, 2004, para. 17). The biggest thing in the Health Care Industry is the $50 million dollar request of Dr. David J. Brailer, who is the appointed national health information technology coordinator. Dr. Brailer’s main job is to bring about change in the way healthcare is today and to implement some of the most major changes in the healthcare Industry that we will probably ever see, but to do that it takes money, so his request was not frivolous or unwarranted. â€Å"Congress, in its infinite wisdom, zeroed out David Brailer’s office,† said Newt Gringrich, â€Å"they couldn’t find $50 million to signal that David Brailer has a real job and what he’s doi ng is important. Frankly, I th... Free Essays on Health Technology Is A Promise Unfinanced Free Essays on Health Technology Is A Promise Unfinanced The Health Care Industry is a billion dollar a year Industry, which affects every American. With the changing times and technological advances, there comes about change and adaptation. In order to be able to keep up with the current Industry practices and standards, the Health Care Industry has to step out of its place of comfort and complacency with the regular paper, pen and mediocre computer data entry and into the realm of the new and upcoming practices that the Bush administration are trying to implement. According to the article, â€Å"the Bush administration has been a proponent of modernizing that nation’s creaky health care system with information technology† (Lohr, 2004, para. 1). With all of these hopes, dreams and aspirations there’s a big downside, the money isn’t there, and the article says that money is â€Å"scarce†. These days it seems as if every spare dollar is going to fund the Iraqi war and is going towards the federal budge t deficit. Even with the budget cuts and the funding of the war, â€Å"the budget of the Department of Health and Human Services is more than 500 billion a year and most of it is pledged to federal obligations like Medicare, but the department does have more than $60 billion in discretionary funds† (Lohr, 2004, para. 17). The biggest thing in the Health Care Industry is the $50 million dollar request of Dr. David J. Brailer, who is the appointed national health information technology coordinator. Dr. Brailer’s main job is to bring about change in the way healthcare is today and to implement some of the most major changes in the healthcare Industry that we will probably ever see, but to do that it takes money, so his request was not frivolous or unwarranted. â€Å"Congress, in its infinite wisdom, zeroed out David Brailer’s office,† said Newt Gringrich, â€Å"they couldn’t find $50 million to signal that David Brailer has a real job and what he’s doi ng is important. Frankly, I th...

Economic and Health System Comparison between U.S.A and Canada Essay

Economic and Health System Comparison between U.S.A and Canada - Essay Example The Canada Department of finance publishes tax expenditure estimates and projections belonging to personal and corporate income taxes. In addition, the department also brings into the public domain goods and services tax (GST) since 1994. Finance Department does the publication in two different documents. The first document is known as tax expenditures and Evaluations. The document provides for a broader definition of estimates and projections of tax expenditures. Besides tax expenditures, it also outlines analytical papers that address particular tax measures. Tax expenditure is the second document that outlines the objective of tax expenditure and describes the calculations of projections and estimations of tax. The Department of Canada prepares this document annually and makes it available to its website. However, tax expenditures in America and Canada show a lot of variations and differences though there are a few notable similarities. The two states have almost similar sectors in which they redistribute their tax expenditure, but comparing them reveals different priorities. Such priorities are more pronounced in the education, health, medical, military, Social Security among other sectors. US tax expenditure has been growing over time since its introduction in 1960’s with a focus mainly given to the defense department. However, in the recent past, the focus is shifting from defense towards health care and Medicaid. Canada has also shown the same trend in tax expenditure increase since 1994 to date, though with the focus on different sectors. Both America and Canada have comprehensive health or medical tax expenditure coverage. However, the two states have various contrasts in the amount and manner of acquisition. Both Canada and the US have shown gradual growth in the health expenditure over the years since their introduction. Canada, for example, divided its health tax expenditure into four

Competitive Advantage Assessment in google+ Assignment

Competitive Advantage Assessment in google+ - Assignment Example Quality is another competitive advantage that the company capitalizes in (Laudon, 270). The company provides its market with the best quality search engine compared to the others, ensuring that the market always prefer the search engine. Technology investment has been the other factor that the company has applied to gain a competitive edge over the other companies providing search engine services. Google+ is the search engine company that has invested a lot of money in technology, to keep their services at the best of other search engine providers (Laudon, 286). The company keeps updating its technology after short duration to incorporate new features that makes their services more appealing and satisfying to their customers. Monetizing the company’s services is yet another factor that has enabled the company gain a competitive advantage over its competitors (Laudon, 301). The company has been able to create money value out of the various products and services it offers throug h integrating advertisements in all of its provisions. This has enhanced its ability to become the most profitable search engine company, and enabled it to invest in more sophisticated technology than all the other competitors in that market segment. Google+ search engine, based on the porter’s value chain, holds competitive advantage with activities such as supplier power, through differentiation (Laudon, 306). Suppliers deliver material to the company, which are differentiated and specialized, and of interest to the company’s customer base. Another values chain factor is supplier’s volume, which allows the company to create pages that rank their materials based on the volume inputs by the suppliers. Barriers to entry are the other value chain activity that allows it to obtain a competitive edge over the others in the same market segment. These value chain activities have

Being a doctor has severaldisadvantages that makes it a questionable Research Paper

Being a doctor has severaldisadvantages that makes it a questionable career choice - Research Paper Example small percentage (0.5%) can perform hemodialysis with special equipment at home and this is risky due to the increased possibility of infection and the requirement of having a very motivated patient. ESRD facilities are reimbursed mostly by Medicare part A (after the first 30 days). In fact, the vast majority of over 90% of dialysis patients covers this way. The patient’s physician is reimbursed through Medicare part B. Reimbursement coding at the facility is done using the International Classification of the Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), while the physicians submits for reimbursement using the Healthcare Common Procedural Coding System (HCPCS). Data collected by the facility and physician play a critical role in the patients ongoing treatment plan. These environments are a uniquely challenging setting too many due to the very nature of the population needing services. Another challenge our health care doctors face is the deficit of nurses who assist them in treatment of patients. Part of this shortage is due to the lack of infrastructure. In the academic year of 2010-2011, 67,563 qualified students were not admitted into nursing schools due to the lack of faculty, training facilities and other budget constraints and this is a clear indication that unless there is improvement in the infrastructure, such as state and national funding, that there could be a collapse in the nursing educational system (Dunham, 2009). An increase in population has also caused the need for more doctors. The number of nurses is not growing at the same rate as that of the population. The lack of younger students moving into the field of nursing is also a primary concern. The current age of a Registered Nurse is between 43 and 45 years of age. In the next ten to fifteen years, these nurses will reach retirement age, which will only add to the current shortage (Williams & Torrens, 2010). Higher spending costs. The development of new treatments for previously

Financial Performance of BRALIRWA

Financial Performance of BRALIRWA This chapter presents the theoretical framework used to evaluate the financial performance of BRALIRWA and the influence of corporate governance on the firm performance; and the research methodology followed throughout the research basing on the different aspects discussed in literature review. 3.1 INTRODUCTION As discussed in chapter one, the main focus for many companies is to create the best possible value for their owners and to secure excellent financial performance. The sound financial health of a company is one of its major goals and to maintain it, companies at one point of time have to look at the past and current performance to plan for future prospect. The most objective way to evaluate the financial performance of a company is through financial statement analysis. Financial analysis involves the assessment of a firms liquidity, its operating performance, its risk profile and its growth potential using financial ratios. Ratio analysis is an important and powerful analytical tool used for measuring the performance of a business entity (Van et Al., 2003). It helps stakeholders (shareholders, investors, creditors, managers, government etc) to make an evaluation about the profitability and financial soundness of the business entity (Bardia, 2008). Different types of investors expect different types of returns, if you are a stockholder, you expect an increase in the value of the stock you hold; if you have invested in a company with a history of paying dividends, you also expect a dividend; if you have loaned the firm money, you expect to receive interest and the return of loan principal. Although the types of returns they expect are different, equity investors and creditors both risk not receiving those returns. Therefore, both stockholders and creditors use financial statement analysis to predict their expected returns and assess the risks associated with those returns (Hongren, Sundem, Elliot and Phil brick, 2003). Analysis of financial performance allows comparison of practice performance from one year to the next, benchmarking of a practice against industry standards, and preparation of financial information for lending institutions or directors (Stallwood, 1996). The financial performance of a company can be influenced by many different aspects or factors and for the purpose of this study, corporate governance was taken into consideration and specifically the aspect of board characteristics. The board of directors is an important entity in a company creating a link between shareholders and managers and therefore playing an important role in the governance of the firm (Dehaene et al., 2007). Therefore, boards of directors are charged with the task of monitoring the performance and activities of top management to ensure that the latter acts in the best interests of the owners (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; quoted by OConnell and Cramer, 2010) 3.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION After the 1994 genocide many companies in Rwanda were destroyed and some of them have not recovered up to today. Among the companies affected by the genocide include manufacturing companies out of which some tried to recover and restart their activities progressively and the country is providing a good environment for business but this does not guarantee good performance on behalf of companies. Standard financial reports provide basic information on the current profit level of investment in assets but do not give information on whether profit is adequate, how efficiently the assets are being used to generate sales, how efficient the overall operation is, and whether there are short-term financial problems facing the business. Ratio analysis provides some answers to these questions by calculating the relationships between various figures on the balance sheet and the income statement and comparing the movements in these ratios over time and against industry averages can provide additional information about whether the organization is performing well or whether remedial action is needed (Stallwood, 1996). Ratio analysis is an important and powerful analytical tool for measuring the performance of a business entity. It helps stakeholders to make an evaluation about the profitability and financial soundness of the business entity (Van et al., 2003). Some key companies in the manufacturing sector do not have thorough financial analysis which makes it difficult for stakeholders to know how these companies are performing; BRALIRWA will be used as representative case study to exemplify the financial performance of companies in the sector and the way this performance is influenced by corporate governance. The way companies are directed and controlled can influence their performance (Berle Means, 1932), in some companies there is lack of consistency in reporting operating and financial activities as well as governance activities to shareholders in a fair, accurate, timely, reliable, relevant, complete and verifiable manner. Manufacturing companies in Rwanda contribute to the economic development of the country and hence a need to evaluate their performance in other to detect their likely future and take appropriate measures accordingly, as well as the influence of corporate governance on their performance. 3.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This study has one general objective and five specific objectives. 3.3.1 General objective The general objective of this study is to assess the financial performance of BRALIRWA s.a (2005-2008) and the influence of its corporate governance on the performance 3.3.2 Specific objectives To analyze the operating efficiency and profitability of BRALIRWA to know its level of operating performance. To analyze the sales and earnings variability in order to measure the risk that BRALIRWA may be exposed to. To analyze the internal liquidity of BRALIRWA in order to measure its ability to meet financial obligations in the short-term. To assess the impact if any of BRALIRWA governance on its performance. To analyze the sustainable growth potential of BRALIRWA. 3.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical framework adopted in this study was developed based on different literature on the analysis and evaluation of financial performance and literature on corporate governance and firm performance. 3.4.1 Dependent variable According to Jones, Wahba and Heijden (2007), the dependent variable is the one main research issue you are studying, on which other variables in theoretical framework are assumed to have an impact. Creswell (2002), defines dependent variables as the outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variables. For this study, financial performance stands for the dependent variable. Financial performance is usually measured by ROE and ROA, for this study financial analysis is used to analyze the financial performance of BRALIRWA and the analysis is conducted in three categories; the analysis of internal liquidity, operating performance and risk. When analyzing internal liquidity, the intention is to indicate the firms ability to meet its future short-term financial obligations, this may be an indication over a certain period of the likely performance of a company because if a firm is not able to meet its short-term financial obligations for a long period, definitely this will affect its performance but the analysis of this may help the organization take necessary actions. The analysis here is based on current ratio, quick ratio, cash ratio, receivables turnover and inventory turnover. The analysis of operating performance, examines how management uses its assets and capital by measuring the sales generated by various categories of assets or capital and analyzes the profits as a percentage of sales and as a percentage of the assets and capital employed (Brown and Reilly, 2009). The ratios used are the asset turnover, equity turnover, profit margins, return on equity and return on assets. Concerning the risk analysis, both business and financial risks are measured and analyzed, here the emphasis is on the sales variability, operating leverage which consists of the variability of a firms operating earnings and then the debt-equity ratio to measure the financial risk. 3.4.2 Independent variables Independent variables are the variables impacting on your main research problem. They are called independent in a sense that those variables are affecting the amount of dependent variables and do not affect each other, so they are independent of each other (Jones, Wahba and Heijden, 2007). Corporate governance stands for the independent variable for this study. Corporate governance is the mechanism by which a corporation is managed and monitored. It determines a power-sharing relationship between corporation executives and investors by providing structure through which the objectives are defined; policies and procedures are established to ensure achievement of these objectives; and activities, affairs, and performance are monitored (Rezaee, 2004). Based on this definition and other definitions of corporate governance, it can positively or negatively influence the performance of a company and for the purpose of this study, the influence will be analyzed based on board characteristics which are treated as the moderating variables in this study and considered as one of the aspects of corporate governance. 3.4.3 Moderating variables Moderating variables are included in the theoretical model to modify the way that the independent variables will affect the dependent variable. They might act as a catalyst of these relationships and strengthen them or perhaps they just inhibit the relationship and weaken it (Jones, Wahba and Heijden, 2007). For this study the moderating variables are the board characteristics, and the following characteristics were taken into consideration the board size, board composition, CEO duality, board diversity and frequency of board meetings. The board size is the number of members on the board and as boards are considered to be large decision-making groups, size can affect the decision-making process and effectiveness of the board (Dwivedi and Jain, 2005). Talking about the board composition, the board may be composed of directors who may be executive meaning that they are employees of the firm, or non-executive meaning they are not employees of the company; and this may have an effect on firm performance. CEO duality consists of having the same person holding both the board chairman and CEO positions or having the CEO and board chair positions separate, this also may have an impact on firm performance. When it comes to board diversity, the consideration is that there may be some diversification in the board members which may or may not have an influence on firm performance; diversity for this study is seen as gender diversity, racial diversity and experience/background diversity. Board meeting frequency consists of how frequently the board meetings are scheduled and the board activity is measured by the frequency of board meeting, this frequency may impact on the performance of the firm. Figure 3.1: Theoretical Framework Source: Research, 2010 3.4.4 Research assumptions Based on the various corporate scandals due to the manipulation of financial statements, the researcher made an assumption that the information provided in the audited financial statements of BRALIRWA for the period 2005-2008 are true and accurate. It was assumed that the respondents would be willing to fill the questionnaires and that the staff in the finance department of BRALIRWA would cooperate in providing any necessary information regarding the financial statements. 3.4.5 Research limitations The study uses BRALIRWA as a case study, which may provide little basis for generalization on the performance of other manufacturing companies The study only use a time-series analysis because there are no competitors in the industry to compare with The financial statements analyzed were the balance sheet and income statement because the company does not prepare cash flow statement The study only used board characteristics as the aspects of corporate governance due to time and logistics constraints the researcher could not use other aspects. The study was limited to a period of four years from 2005 to 2008 3.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONs To achieve the research objectives of this study; the study has to answer the following major and minor research questions. 3.5.1 Major research questions How is BRALIRWA financially performing for the period under study and what is the implication for future performance? How is BRALIRWA governance influencing its performance? 3.5.2 Minor research questions How well is the management of BRALIRWA doing to generate operating profits on companys assets? How well is BRALIRWA management using the capital invested? How is BRALIRWA financing its assets and how variable its earnings are? How well is BRALIRWA doing to meet its maturing financial obligations? The above mentioned research questions will help in analyzing the financial performance of BRALIRWA and the influence of its corporate governance on performance. 3.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.6.1 Research type This study is basically quantitative with a small portion of qualitative and descriptive in nature and is using a case study method. The study is using the computation of different ratios to analyze the financial performance of BRALIRWA and statistical measure like mean, standard deviation and correlation are also used; and it is also qualitative in the sense that it is looking at the perceptions of staff on the influence of corporate governance on the performance. The purpose of quantitative research is to determine the quantity or extent of some phenomenon in the form of numbers (Zikmund, 1994). 3.6.1.1 Case study methodology This study is using BRALIRWA as a case study representing other manufacturing companies in Rwanda. BRALIRWA was chosen as a case study because of its long stay in the business and as being one of the manufacturing companies that were operating before the 1994 Rwandan genocide and which has continued operating and the major motivation for the researcher to take it as a representative case study is that the manufacturing sector in Rwanda is mostly made of food and beverages companies where BRALIRWA is dominating. According to Robson (2002:178) cited by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007), a case study is a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence. Yin (2009) defines a case study as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon in depth and within its real life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident. According to Yin (2009), the case study inquiry copes with the technically distinctive situation in which there will be many more variables of interest than data points, and one result; relies on multiple source of evidence, with data needing to converge in a triangulating fashion, and as another result; and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions to guide data collection and analysis. 3.6.1.2 Descriptive research This study is descriptive as it is describing and evaluating systematically how BRALIRWA has been performing for the period under study. According to Kumar (2005), a descriptive research attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or program, or provides information about something or describes attitudes towards an issue. 3.6.1.3 Quantitative and qualitative research As discussed early, this study is a mix of quantitative and qualitative, it is evaluating the performance of BRALIRWA by quantifying it through different ratios to analyze the internal liquidity, operating performance and risk and most of the information is gathered using quantitative variables (through financial statements). On the other hand, the study is qualitative in the way that it has some variables which were analyzed without being quantified. The study is qualified as quantitative if one wants to quantify the variation in a phenomenon, situation, problem, or issue; if information gathered using predominantly quantitative variables; and if the analysis is geared to ascertain the magnitude of the variation. On the other hand, a study is qualified as qualitative if the purpose of the study is primary to describe a situation, phenomenon, problem or event; the information is gathered through the use of variables measured on nominal or ordinal scales; and if analysis is done to establish the variation in the situation, phenomenon or problem without quantifying it (Kumar, 2005). 3.6.2 Data collection instrument and source For the purpose of this study, both primary and secondary data were collected. To collect primary data questionnaires were distributed to the staff of BRALIRWA to know and analyze their perceptions on the influence of board characteristics on firm performance, the questionnaires were given to different staff but the most targeted were the managers and directors (management team) and heads of department and then some of the officers in different departments; interviews were also used with the staff in the finance department to get some clarifications on the content of the financial statements. And to collect secondary data, different literature on the evaluation of financial performance and those on the relationship between corporate governance (board characteristics) were reviewed through books, journals, articles and websites; and the financial statements of BRALIRWA for a period of 2005-2008 were consulted and analyzed through financial ratios. 3.6.3 Sampling methods Sampling is the process of selecting a few (a sample) from a bigger group (the sampling population) to become the basis for estimating or predicting the prevalence of an unknown piece of information, situation or outcome regarding the bigger group; a sample is a subgroup of the population one is interested in (Kumar, 2005). For the purpose of this study, judgmental sampling technique has been used to select the sample in order to collect primary data. Purposive or judgmental sampling enables you to use your judgment to select cases that will best enable you to answer your research question(s) and to meet your objectives. This form of sample is often used when working with very small samples such as in case study research and when you wish to select cases that are particularly informative (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007 quoting Neuman, 2000). According to Kumar (2005), the primary consideration in purposive sampling is the judgment of the researcher as to who can provide the best information to achieve the objectives of the study; the researcher only goes to those people who in his/her opinion are likely to have the required information and be willing to share it. For the respondents to fill the questionnaire it required a certain degree of information about the board of directors and the judgmental sampling is the appropriate technique to this study. 3.6.4 Sample size A sample of 25 respondents was selected from the staff of BRALIRWA which is the population of the study; as stated early the sample was selected using judgmental sampling. The respondents were selected from different departments of the company and from top management to senior officers and the sample is the representative of the population. 3.6.4 Data analysis methods The study is based more on the secondary data as the evaluation of financial performance is based on the financial statements of the case company (BRALIRWA) and on primary data which were collected using a questionnaire to analyze the influence of the board characteristics on the financial performance of the company as perceived by the company employees. In the process of data analysis, the information from the financial statement were first presented according to the research objectives and research questions and based on the theoretical framework and literature review; then they were analyzed using appropriate ratios and the analysis was based on time series analysis, some statistics were used such as mean and standard deviation for the researcher to analyze the data and come up with conclusions and recommendations. To analyze the data collected from questionnaires, the following process was followed; first the data were edited, then coded and frequency distribution were used. To analyze, the open-ended questions, content analysis was used whereby different themes were identified from the answers given by the respondents and then verbatim responses were examined and discussed with reference to literature to come up with research findings, conclusion and recommendations. 3.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter discussed the research problem by highlighting that in Rwanda some key companies do not have thorough financial analysis and that the performance of companies may be influenced by the way they are managed and monitored where this may depend on the characteristics of the board. The chapter also discussed the theoretical framework that was used for this study and the dependent, independent and moderating variables were identified; financial performance is the dependent variable which is determined through the analysis of internal liquidity, operating performance and risk and the summarizing indicators of financial performance for the purpose of this study were identified as ROE and ROA. The chapter goes on discussing the research objectives, research questions, the assumptions and limitations of study. Then the chapter concludes with the discussion of the research methodology that was used to conduct the research and to achieve the research objectives and to answer the research questions that were put forward; the study is a mix of quantitative and qualitative, both secondary and primary were used and financial statements and other sources were used to collect secondary data and the questionnaire was used to collect primary and the questionnaires were sent to a sample of 25 respondents, the sample was selected using judgmental sampling.

The Wanderer: Life in a Transient World Essay -- Poem Poetry Wanderer

The Wanderer: Life in a Transient World Upon their invasion of England, the Anglo-Saxons carried with them a tradition of oral poetry. The surviving verse, which was frequently transcribed and preserved in monasteries makes up the body of work now referred to as Old English Poetry. "The Wanderer," an anonymous poem of the eighth or ninth century, reflects historical Anglo-Saxon life as well as the influence of Christianity during the period. Because both Christian and Anglo-Saxon heroic elements exist in "The Wanderer," there is cause for analysis of the structural and textual unity of the poem. Initially, it might appear that these elements are introduced to contrast one another in an attempt to show inconsistency by contrasting secular and religious passages in order to show incoherence between the two as guiding principles. But further textual analysis shows that these inconsistencies do not exist. The purpose of positioning the two side by side is to illustrate a contrast in theme between the passing of this world and the changelessness and security of the heavenly kingdom. The text of "The Wanderer" is structured to encompass two separate time periods, which implicitly reveals the contrasting themes. The first part of the work describes the experiences of a lonely warrior who has lost his lord and kin to battle. But the author is reflecting upon these experiences as they occurred in the past. The position that the Wanderer had taken up is summarized early in the poem in the third person: "So spoke the earth-walker, remembering hardships, fierce war-slaughters-the fall of dear kinsman" (69). This reference to an exile wanderer summarizes his own situation, which he develops in the following passages. Structurally, t... ...70). Further, he acknowledges that these things are meant to pass as all things do as he approaches the ultimate reality of the earthly world, "all this earthly habitation shall be emptied" (70). No comfort is to be found in a world were all things will come to an end as one progresses through a fleeting life. The purpose of displaying earthly reality as transient is to contrast it with the theme of a heavenly kingdom. As the poem ends, the Wanderer notes that there is, "comfort from the Father in heaven, where all stability resides" (70). The heart of Anglo-Saxon life will pass for all as it did for the Wanderer. Comfort is not to be found in that transient world, but in the world beyond, through security in the heavenly kingdom. Works Cited "The Wanderer." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. 6th _ed. New York: Norton, 1993. 68-70.

Iq & Eq, Intelligence and Cognitive Intelligence

A Assessment Name: Cognitive intelligence and Emotional Intelligence in Modern organisations â€Å"Intelligence is an abstract concept for whose definition continues to evolve with modernity, these days it refers to a variety of mental capabilities, including the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience as well as the potential to do so† (Bonnies Strickland, 2nd,2001).This essay will be a discussion on what cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence are, how they both represent intelligence, and how they play a role within an organisation through their strengths and limitations. This essay will discuss the recent popularity of emotional intelligence and that cognitive intelligence is not essentially the main predictor for organisational behaviour in modern organisations.Cognitive intelligence generally can be referred to IQ tests or General Mental Ability (GMA) to name a few and is defi ned as â€Å"the general efficacy of intellectual processes† (Ackerman, Beier, Boyle, 2005, as cited in Cote & Miners). Results in genetic behaviour points to beyond doubt that GMA or IQ has a strong genetic background, although heritability has shown the increase of GMA with age (Bouchard, 1998: Bouchard, McGue, 1998 as cited in Schmidt 2004).Cote and Miners 2006 believed cognitive intelligence also demonstrates as task performance based and is in relation to the organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB), this is then reflected to the organisations activities, achievement and objectives. Since the end of World War 1 measures of GMA have been used in the recruiting and hiring of employees (Yerkes, 1921 as cited in Schmidt, 2004), though the most popular GMA tests still in modern society is the Wonderlic Personnel Test.The strengths of GMA & IQ tests are that they have been used as a predictor in personnel selection for over 80 years and have substantial evidence supporting i t as a strong predictor of job performance in organisations. Schmidt has stated that GMA is positively linked to several life outcomes such as the level of education and the income of adult. Studies have been carried out on the effectiveness of GMA in relation to occupational level, according to Shmidt 2004; these include cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies.Shmidt also stated that cross-sectional studies relied on people’s rankings of the occupational level of different occupations, similarities between the mean ratings across these studies excluding the regard of age, country of origin or social class. These studies concluded that mean GMA scores increased with occupational level, so if GMA score was high for an individual they would find it harder to enter higher occupational levels. This suggests that having a lower GMA rating was a requirement for a higher job occupation (Schmidt, 2004).Longitudinal studies focussed on the prediction of occupational fulfilmen t later in life by the measurement of GMA scores in the early part of life (Schmidt, 2004). Wilk, Desmarais and Sackett 1995 used the results from the National Longitudinal survey, in which young adults were tested over a 5 year period to measure GMA, these studies predicted the hierarchy of occupational level (as cited in Shmidt, 2004). This meant if the GMA score was- high they were most likely to move into a higher complexity job, where as if their score was low they were most likely to move down into a less complex job (Schmidt, 2004).However, limitations are known for GMA testing through certain literature has led to the conclusion that GMA may not be as well understood, this can be drawn from the research conducted on GMA’s constructs and measures as well as its moral judgements (Viswesvaran & Ones, 2003). An example of this is the question of the group differences of the results and also the grounds of GMA being not good (enough) predictor (Goldstein, Zedeck &Goldstein as cited in Viswesvaran & Ones 2003).Analogy has been used from psychological testing literature that underlines GMA’s role in real life situations and environments (Reeve & Hakel: as cited in Viswesvaran & Ones, 2003). There are points of criticism that revolves around GMA; firstly is central criticism this is seen in articles by Goldstein et all, and it validates GMA for low real-life predicaments. Also it is seen that GMA tests should be acknowledged on the terminology used as some words can be seen as racist or fascist, words like discrimination and adverse can impact bias or unfair results (Viswesvaran & Ones, 2003).It has been belief that cognitive attuned staff give modern organisations the competitive advantage in the organisational domain this is due with the cognitive ability to process technical, numerical and vast amounts of information (Schmidt & Hunter, 1998. 2000; Michaels Handfield- Jones and Axelrod, 2001, as cited in Cote & Miners, 2006). Although, the limi tations of one possessing cognitive ability alone and very minimal if any emotional intelligence can result in a poor performance rate if one is to completely rely on only skills that are cognitive in the work place ( Cherniss, Goleman & Bennis, 2003).Recently theorists have suggested that one’s intelligence does not only exist of cognitive intelligence, but also a grave amount of interpersonal and emotional intelligence. In modern management, one of the most proactive concerns is that of emotions related to performance of organisations (Cote & Miners, 2006). Emotional intelligence has been discussed as a new predictor that is non-cognitive in relation to organisational performance and was popularized by Daniel Goleman in 1995 (Goleman, 1998 as cited in Cote & Miners, 2006).Emotional intelligence is defined as â€Å"a set of abilities that includes the abilities to perceive emotions in self and in others, use these emotions to facilitate performance, understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and regulate emotions in the self and in others† (Cote & Miners, 2006). Strengths of EI is correlated to the limitations of cognitive intelligence, as stated before people who score high in GMA tests can do poorly in organisations and social relations (Cherniss, 2010). An example of this would be the syndrome of Asperger’s.EI can influence job performance with the competencies of self-control, empathy, integrity, social skills, reliability, conscientiousness and motivation (Cherniss, 2010). In organisation behavioural perspective, EI can assist individuals with low GMA scores to manage their impressions well and in turn receive high performance ratings. This can be achieved by the development of links to co-workers who can provide assistance and can enrich learning- potential to that individual which than can lead to a higher level of occupation (Mehra, Kilduff & Brass 2001 as cited in Cote & Miners, 2006).According to Mayer and Salovey’s mod el, there are four main areas on EI: Identifying emotions, Using emotions, Understanding emotions and managing emotions. This model was the only model in which was supported by a confirmatory factor and measures by desirable psychometric properties (Cote & Miners, 2006). Limitations of Emotion intelligence is the dearth of studies which relates to job performance thus, is the relation of criticisms of the ‘scientific status’ of emotional intelligence in organisational behaviour (Becker, 2003; Landy, 2005, as cited in Cote & Miners, 2006).Barret and colleagues referred to emotional intelligence as â€Å"the Madison Avenue approach to science and professional practice†, he implies that the increase awareness of EI relates to the outspread of its nature which contrasts the scientific evidence (Cote & Miners, 2006). Studies have suggested that there is no relation or consistency between job performance and emotional intelligence, specifying on particular tasks as aca demic performance (Petrides, Frederickson, and Furnham, 2004, as cited in Cote & Miners, 2006).The display of competencies of emotional intelligence such as being empathetic, affiliated, highly self-aware and agreeable is not beneficial of being an effective leader (Antonakis, 2003, as cited in Pratt, Douglas, Ferris, Ammeter, and Buckley, 2003). Also, often the high need of affiliation for those requiring can place importance on individual interests rather than the organisations success (Antonakis, 2003, as cited in Pratt, Douglas, Ferris, Ammeter, and Buckley, 2003).Also, disperses of high emotional occurrences in the organisation setting, with that the concern of the negative feelings towards others could be misinterpreted. Therefore, recognising an individual’s emotions at all times is not beneficial to active and effective leadership qualities. Psychological ability defined by Wedeck as â€Å"the ability to judge correctly the feelings, moods, motivations of individualà ¢â‚¬ , which can be incorporated by that of general intelligence (Cote & Miners, 2006).Thus, because emotional and cognitive intelligence both represent that of general intelligence though in separate content domains, they may be associated with each other but would not correspond perfectly. However, several organisations have incorporated EI and GMA, IQ into their employee development programs also business schools have added EI to their curriculums (Boyatzis, Stubbs and Taylor, 2002 as cited in Cote& Miners, 2006). Most mining organisations such as (Anglo American) also have incorporated aptitude and psychological tests which include both EI and GMA, as part- of their application to job recruitment.Goleman, Mayer, Salovey and Caruso have all argued that both emotional intelligence and Cognitive intelligence make linear yet independent contributions to job performance (Cote & miners, 2006). By the combination of emotional and cognitive intelligence, people can receive higher perfo rmance in organisations. Concluding, this essay has discussed the strengths and limitations of both cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence in relation to GMA, IQ and EI testing within the organisational level.The essay has also viewed cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence operating in modern organisations either individually or incorporated together. Cognitive intelligence displays specific abilities in task and problem solving, strategic and analytical aspects of intelligence. Emotional intelligence demonstrates proficiency in producing the components of empathy, self-regulation and self-awareness in an organisational structure. Haslam (2007) summarised that many theorists discuss that one’s intelligence does not only compose of cognitive abilities but also an array of multiple interpersonal and emotional intelligences.References Cote` S, & Miners C. H. (2006). Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Intelligence and Job Performance. Administrative Science Q uarterly, 51(1), 1-28. Anglo American. Retrieved from: http://www. angloamerican. com. au/careers/employment- programmes. aspx Cherniss, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology,  3, 110-126. Haslam, N. (2007). Introduction to Personality and Intelligence. London, UK: SAGE Publication. Inc. Roberts, R. D. , Matthews, G. & Zeinder, M. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Muddling through theory and measurement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology,  3, 140-144. Schmidt, F. L. , & Hunter, J. (2004). General mental ability in the world of work: Occupational attainment and job performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,  86(1), 162-173. Viswesvaran, C. & Ones, D. S. (2002). Agreements and disagreements on the role of general mental ability (GMA) in industrial, work, and organizational psychology. Human Performance,  15(1/2), 211-231.

William Faulkner Essays - William Faulkner, Sartoris, Free Essays

William Faulkner Essays - William Faulkner, Sartoris, Free Essays William Faulkner William Faulkner: His Life and Achievements William Faulkner is viewed by many as Americas greatest writer of prose fiction. He was born in New Albany, Mississippi where he lived a life filled with good times and bad times. However, despite bad times he would become known as a poet, a short story writer, and finally one of the greatest contemporary novelist of his time. William Faulkners accomplishments resulted not only from his love and devotion of writing, but also from family, friends, and certain uncontrollable events. William Faulkners life is an astonishing accomplishment; however, it is crucial to explore his life prior to his fixated writing career. In 1905, Faulkner entered the first grade at a tender age of eight, and immediately showed signs of talent. He not only drew an explicitly detailed drawing of a locomotive, but he soon became an honour-roll student: His report card would show no grades below Perfect or Excellent (Blotner 21). Throughout his early education he wou ld work conscientiously at reading, spelling, writing, and arithmetic; however, he especially enjoyed drawing. His deportment at school was very high, but it was not as high as it was at home. When Faulkner got promoted to third grade, skipping the second grade, he was asked by his teacher what he wanted to be when he grew up, and he replied, I want to be a writer just like my great granddaddy (Blotner 23). At last, (in 1914) Faulkner took interest in poetry, but no one in Oxford could tell him what to do with his poems. Meanwhile, Faulkner, who is very talkative, would always entertain Katrina Carter and Estelle Oldham by telling them vividly imagined stories. Eventually, Faulkner grew very fond of Estelle in fact, if he heard her voice he would deliberately attempt to be spotted by Katrina in hopes that she asks him to join her. Estelle soon became the sole inspirer and recipient of Faulkners earlier poems. Coincidentally, a gentleman named Phil Stone would fall in love with Estel les friend, Katrina. As a result, Katrina had told Stone about Faulkner and his poetry. So one afternoon, Stone walked to Faulkners home to get acquainted, and during his visit he received several written verses from Faulkner poetry collections: Anybody could have seen that he (Faulkner) had talentit was perfectly obvious (Blotner 44). Stone not only became Faulkners close friend, but also a mentor to the young writer at the beginning of his career. Stone immediately gave the potential poet encouragement, advice, and models for his study of literature. For example, Stone would give practice drills in punctuation, as well as lecture Faulkner on goals and grammars. Meanwhile, Faulkners main interest in school became athletics such as football and baseball, thus his grades started to deteriorate: Bill showed absolutely no interest in the education being offeredHe gazed out the windows, and answered the simplest questions with I dont know (Blotner 39). Eventually, he would quit both ath letics and school altogether. In 1919, his first literary work was acknowledged and published in The New Republic. The poem is a forty-line verse with a French title that acknowledges the influence of the French Symbolist, LApres-Midi dun Faune. In September, Faulkner would enroll in the University of Mississippi, and during his academic years it did not deter him from writing more poems. The Mississippian, the student paper, published Landing in Luck by Faulkner- the story is a nine-page short story created from his direct experience in the Royal Air Force flight training in 1916. He has also written several other poems such as Cathay, which is published in the Oxford Eagle and Sapphic, which is published in The Mississippian. During the summer, Faulkner became a house painter in Oxford, and in the beginning of autumn he enrolled in the University of Mississippi; however, his early pattern of school started to take toll. Faulkner began to cut classes and finally just stopped going. Although, this time he participated in a drama club called The Marionettes, and began to publish book reviews in The Mississippian. In the summer of 1921, Faulkner decided to take a trip to New York to receive some professional instructions from editors and critics, since Stone was

Free Essays on Martin Luther King And The Fight For Freedom

Martin Luther King Jr., The Protector of Human Rights Martin Luther King Jr. not only unselfishly defended human rights most of his life, but was a martyr to this cause. His life changed the course of history like no one would have imagined. Dr. King carried the Human Rights for American blacks at a time when the white civilization was most comfortable, the 1960’s. His legacy and martyrdom stimulated a generation of liberal thought in addition to a global, spiritual movement that would awaken and restore the impoverished far beyond Americas soil. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta Georgia. His father was the minister of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, as was his father before him. "M.L.," as he was called, lived with his parents, his sister and his brother in Atlanta Ga. Their home was not far from the church that his father preached at. Martin’s mother and father taught their children what would become an important part of his life - to treat all people with respect. Martin's father worked hard to break down the barriers between the races. His father believed African-Americans should register their complaints by voting. As he grew up he found that not everyone followed his parents principles. He noticed that "black" people and white people where treated differently. He saw that he and his white friends could not drink from the same water fountains and could not use the same restrooms. Martins best friend as a child was a white boy, and as children they played happily together. But when they reached school age, the friends found that even though they lived in the same neighborhood, they could not go to the same school. His friend would end up going to a school for white children only, and Martin was sent to a school for "black" children. After the first day of school Martin and his friend were never allowed to play together again When Martin was ready for college he decided to follow his father a... Free Essays on Martin Luther King And The Fight For Freedom Free Essays on Martin Luther King And The Fight For Freedom Martin Luther King Jr., The Protector of Human Rights Martin Luther King Jr. not only unselfishly defended human rights most of his life, but was a martyr to this cause. His life changed the course of history like no one would have imagined. Dr. King carried the Human Rights for American blacks at a time when the white civilization was most comfortable, the 1960’s. His legacy and martyrdom stimulated a generation of liberal thought in addition to a global, spiritual movement that would awaken and restore the impoverished far beyond Americas soil. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta Georgia. His father was the minister of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, as was his father before him. "M.L.," as he was called, lived with his parents, his sister and his brother in Atlanta Ga. Their home was not far from the church that his father preached at. Martin’s mother and father taught their children what would become an important part of his life - to treat all people with respect. Martin's father worked hard to break down the barriers between the races. His father believed African-Americans should register their complaints by voting. As he grew up he found that not everyone followed his parents principles. He noticed that "black" people and white people where treated differently. He saw that he and his white friends could not drink from the same water fountains and could not use the same restrooms. Martins best friend as a child was a white boy, and as children they played happily together. But when they reached school age, the friends found that even though they lived in the same neighborhood, they could not go to the same school. His friend would end up going to a school for white children only, and Martin was sent to a school for "black" children. After the first day of school Martin and his friend were never allowed to play together again When Martin was ready for college he decided to follow his father a...

Rubrics and Student Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rubrics and Student Learning - Essay Example Tables 1, 2 and 3 present quantitative data on the results of a paired sample t-test applied three pairs of art projects. Two-tailed paired samples t-tests were carried out using a significance level (ï  ¡) of 0.05. In a two tailed test, it is hypothesized that two variables being considered have equal means. This hypothesis is rejected when the computed p-value, also known as the observed significance level is less than the hypothesized level of significance, which in this study is 0.05, signifying that the means are not equal and the difference between the two means are significant. The variable with the higher mean is said to have a significantly higher mean than the other variable. Table 1 presents the results of the scores of Line Project 1 and Line Project 2. Line Project 1 was undertaken with no rubrics presented to the class prior to the project, while Line Project 2 was assigned to the students after clear and explicit expectations were clarified by a scoring rubrics. In this part of the analysis, even if a statistical software was used, the scores of Student No. 17 and Student No. 23 were manually excluded from the computations, since their scores on both projects were 0. 1Simple mean was computed without the scores of Student No. 17 and Student No. 23, since both students were not able to submit both projects. When the 0 scores of both students were included, the means were lower at 75.92 and 85.69 for Line Projects 1 and 2, respectively. 2Standard deviation was also computed without the scores of Student No. 17 and Student No. 23.When the 0 scores of both students were included, the standard deviations were higher at 27.405 and 25.901 for Line Projects 1 and 2, respectively. As shown in Table 1, statistical analysis of the students’ score in Line Projects 1 and 2 revealed that the mean of the scores in Line Project 2 (92.83) is significantly higher than the mean of the

Reward Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reward - Essay Example A system of pay that targets an individual is based on the accomplishments of only one person. In this case, rewards are determined by the results put on the table. Pays based on performance do not necessarily account for knowledge and competence. High performance is rewarded while low performance is ‘punished’. Moreover, progressive performance given in levels can determine what reward is earned at what performance. Where different incentives are used on different individuals, the reward becomes incentive-based, and it is complemented by self-actualization. A team constitutes a number of people working on clearly defined common goals or objectives. The performance of a team can be rewarded in a number of ways, among them team-based rewards, rewarding individuals constituting the team, and group behavior (Levi, 2010). Rewards that are team-based target the team’s totality and productivity. The performance of the team is attributed to each member, and so are the rewards. Team performance can also be rewarded by considering individual contribution of each team member and subsequently determining the appropriate reward. Finally, group cooperation and motivation can be rewarded subject to the team